X-ray backscatter systems and methods for performing imaging tomosynthesis

X-ray backscatter imaging (XBI) methods and systems are provided that enable depth-sensitive information to be obtained from images acquired during a single scan from a single side of an object being imaged. The depth-sensitive information is used in combination with other image information acquired during the scan to produce high-resolution 2-D or 3-D images, where at least one of the dimensions of the 2-D or 3-D image corresponds to depth in the object.

OPTOELECTRONIC NUCLEAR BATTERIES BASED ON RADIONUCLIDE NANOENCAPSULATION AND ORGANIC PHOTODIODES

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compositions including a doped material, batteries including the composition, photovoltaic devices including the battery, and the like. 1. A photovoltaic device , comprising: a battery , wherein the battery includes a composition including a homogeneous mixture of a material doped with radioactive nuclides to form a homogeneous doped material , wherein the homogeneous doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon , wherein the surface of the battery is wrapped with the photovoltaic cell so that re-emitted photons produced by the doped material are captured by the photovoltaic cell regardless of scattering angle.2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the doped material is transparent to the photon.3. The photovoltaic device of claim 2 , further comprising a transparent material claim 2 , wherein the doped material is disposed within the transparent material claim 2 , wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons claim 2 , wherein the transparent material and the doped material are not the same material.4. The photovoltaic device of claim 3 , wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or polymer claim 3 , wherein the glass is formed from the glass formers selected from the group consisting of: B claim 3 , Si claim 3 , Ge claim 3 , Al claim 3 , B claim 3 , P claim 3 , V claim 3 , As claim 3 , Sb claim 3 , Zr claim 3 , and a combination thereof claim 3 , or glasses formed from the intermediate formers selected from the group consisting of: Ti claim 3 , Zn claim 3 , Pb claim 3 , Al claim 3 , Th claim 3 , Be claim 3 , Zr claim 3 , Cd claim 3 , and a combination thereof claim 3 , and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene claim 3 , high density polyethylene claim 3 , polypropylene claim 3 , polystyrene claim 3 , polytetrafluoroethylene claim 3 , polyvinylchloride claim 3 , ...

High Strength Aluminum Fin Stock for Heat Exchanger

The present invention provides an aluminum alloy fin stock material with higher strength, and improved sag resistance for use in heat exchangers, such as automotive heat exchangers. The aluminum alloy fin stock material is produced from an aluminum alloy comprising about 0.8-1.4 wt % Si, 0.4-0.8 wt % Fe, 0.05-0.4 wt % Cu, 1.2-1.7 wt % Mn and 1.20-2.3 wt % Zn, with the remainder as Al. The aluminum alloy fin stock material is made by a process comprising direct chill casting the aluminum alloy into an ingot, preheating the ingot, hot rolling the preheated ingot, cold rolling the ingot and inter-annealing at a temperature of 275-400° C. After inter-annealing, the aluminum alloy fin stock material is a cold rolled in a final cold rolling step to achieve % cold work (% CW) of 20-35%. 1. An aluminum alloy comprising about 0.8-1.4 wt % Si , 0.4-0.8 wt % Fe , 0.05-0.4 wt % Cu , 1.2-1.7 wt % Mn and 1.20-2.3 wt % Zn , with the remainder as Al.2. The aluminum alloy of claim 1 , comprising about 0.9-1.3 wt % Si claim 1 , 0.45-0.75 wt % Fe claim 1 , 0.10-0.3 wt % Cu claim 1 , 1.3-1.7 wt % Mn and 1.30-2.2 wt % Zn claim 1 , with the remainder as Al.3. The aluminum alloy of claim 1 , comprising about 0.9-1.2 wt % Si claim 1 , 0.5-0.75 wt % Fe claim 1 , 0.15-0.3 wt % Cu claim 1 , 1.4-1.6 wt % Mn and 1.4-2.1 wt % Zn claim 1 , with the remainder as Al.4. The aluminum alloy of claim 1 , comprising about 0.9-1.1 wt % Si claim 1 , 0.5-0.6 wt % Fe claim 1 , 0.15-0.25 wt % Cu claim 1 , 1.5-1.6 wt % Mn and 1.5-1.6 wt % Zn claim 1 , with the remainder as Al.5. The aluminum alloy of claim 1 , comprising about 0.90-1.0 wt % Si claim 1 , 0.55 wt % Fe claim 1 , 0.15-0.20 wt % Cu claim 1 , 1.5 wt % Mn and 1.5 wt % Zn claim 1 , and with the remainder as Al.6. The aluminum alloy of claim 5 , comprising about 0.95 wt % Si and 0.15 wt % Cu.7. The aluminum alloy of claim 1 , comprising about 1.0-1.2 wt % Si claim 1 , 0.5-0.6 wt % Fe claim 1 , 0.2-0.3 wt % Cu claim 1 , 1.4-1.55 wt % Mn and 1.9-2.1 wt ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INTERNAL INSPECTION OF RAIL COMPONENTS

An internal imaging system has a radiation source and a plurality of detectors positioned to receive portions of the plurality of collimated beams that have been attenuated by interaction with the target. The radiation source is configured to irradiate a target with a plurality of collimated beams of radiation. Two of the plurality of collimated beams of radiation may have different beam shapes. Another internal imaging system includes a radiation source configured to irradiate a target with at least one collimated beam of radiation and at least one detector. A planar rotating collimator is positioned adjacent to the radiation source and is configured to form the at least one collimated beam. The at least one detector is positioned to receive attenuated portions of the at least one collimated beam. The radiation source may be or include a neutron source. The detectors may be or include a plurality of neutron converters. 1. An internal imaging system , the system comprising:a radiation source configured to irradiate a target with a plurality of collimated beams of radiation, wherein two of the plurality of collimated beams of radiation have different beam shapes; anda plurality of detectors, the detectors positioned to receive portions of the plurality of collimated beams that have been attenuated by interaction with the target.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation source and the plurality of detectors are mounted upon a vehicle.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the vehicle is a rail traversing vehicle.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation source comprises a neutron source and the plurality of detectors includes at least one neutron converter.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of collimated beams includes a rotating pencil beam and at least one fan beam6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the at least one fan beam is a plurality of fan beams.7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the rotating pencil beam is positioned between two of the ...

HYDROGENOLYSIS CATALYSTS WITH HIGH ACID TOLERANCE

A catalyst includes a mixed metal oxide; an alumina; silica, and calcium, where the mixed metal oxide includes Cu and at least one of Mn, Zn, Ni, or Co. Such catalysts exhibit enhanced tolerance sulfur-containing compounds and free fatty acids. 1. A catalyst comprising:a mixed metal oxide comprising Cu and at least one of Mn, Zn, Ni, or Co;an alumina;silica; andcalcium;wherein the catalyst comprises a surface, wherein the percent of Cu at the surface in relation to total Cu content of the catalyst is from about 0.5% to about 20%.2. (canceled)3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises about 15 wt % to about 50 wt % Cu.4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the mixed metal oxide comprises Cu and Mn.5. The catalyst of claim 4 , wherein the mixed metal oxide comprises Cu and Mn claim 4 , and the catalyst comprises about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % Mn.6. (canceled)7. The catalyst of claim 4 , wherein the mixed metal oxide comprises Cu and Zn claim 4 , and the catalyst comprises about 15 wt % to about 50 wt % Zn.8. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the alumina is present in the catalyst at about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %.9. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the silica is present in the catalyst at about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %.10. (canceled)11. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the calcium is present in the catalyst at about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %.12. (canceled)13. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is substantially free of sodium claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , barium claim 1 , or a combination of two or more thereof.1415-. (canceled)16. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area from about 10 m/g to about 150 m/g.17. (canceled)18. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a mercury pore volume from about 0.10 cm/g to about 0.80 cm/g.19. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a packed ambient bulk density from about 0.3 g/cmto about 1.6 g/cm.20. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the ...

OPTOELECTRONIC NUCLEAR BATTERIES BASED ON RADIONUCLIDE NANOENCAPSULATION AND ORGANIC PHOTODIODES

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compositions including a doped material, batteries including the composition, photovoltaic devices including the battery, and the like. 1. A composition , comprising:a material doped including radioactive nuclides to form a doped material, wherein the doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is selected from a beta emitter and a gamma emitter.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the beta emitter is selected from the group consisting of: Ni claim 2 , Si claim 2 , Sm claim 2 , Sr claim 2 , Cu claim 2 , Pb claim 2 , Pr claim 2 , Te claim 2 , Sn claim 2 , Ni claim 2 , Bi claim 2 , Er claim 2 , Pr claim 2 , P claim 2 , Sr claim 2 , Y claim 2 , W claim 2 , S claim 2 , Sn claim 2 , Ca claim 2 , Bk claim 2 , Ru claim 2 , Tm claim 2 , Pm claim 2 , Kr claim 2 , H claim 2 , Cd claim 2 , Pu claim 2 , Ar claim 2 , Ar claim 2 , C claim 2 , Tc claim 2 , Se claim 2 , Be claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Pd claim 2 , Re claim 2 , In claim 2 , Cd.4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the gamma emitter is selected from the group consisting of: Ac claim 2 , Am claim 2 , Sb claim 2 , Sb claim 2 , Sb claim 2 , Ba claim 2 , Ba claim 2 , Ba claim 2 , Ba claim 2 , Ba claim 2 , Be claim 2 , Bi claim 2 , Bi claim 2 , Bi claim 2 , Bi claim 2 , Br claim 2 , Br claim 2 , C claim 2 , Ca claim 2 , Ce claim 2 , Ce claim 2 , Ce claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , Cl claim 2 , Cr claim 2 , Co claim 2 , Co claim 2 , Co claim 2 , Co claim 2 , Cu claim 2 , Cu claim 2 , Cm claim 2 , Cm claim 2 , Cm claim 2 , Eu claim 2 , Eu claim 2 , Eu claim 2 , Eu claim 2 , F claim 2 , Fr claim 2 , Fr claim 2 , Ga claim 2 , Au claim 2 , Ho claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , I claim 2 , In claim 2 , In claim 2 , Ir claim 2 , Fe claim 2 , Kr claim 2 , Kr claim 2 , Kr claim 2 , ...

THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION USING TRANSMISSION AND SCATTER RADIOGRAPHY METHODS

A method for image reconstruction includes irradiating an object with a beam of radiation from a radiation source, measuring an attenuated portion of the beam, estimating a density of the object, determining a predicted attenuated portion of the beam using the density estimate, and iteratively adjusting the density estimate of the object. The predicted attenuated portion and the measured attenuated portion are compared to determine a signal difference. The density estimate of each portion of the object is adjusted by scaling the density estimate using the average signal differences of rays that intersect the portion of the object. The density estimate may be repeatedly adjusted until a difference between consecutive density estimates is below a selected threshold or a predetermined number of adjustments have been completed. The attenuated portion of the beam may include a scattered portion and a transmitted portion. 1. A penetrating radiation inspection system comprising: a radiation source configured to produce a beam of radiation, the beam having a plurality of rays, the radiation source positioned to direct the beam of radiation into an object for internal inspection during relative translational motion between the at least one internal scanning subsystem and the object; and', 'at least one detector positioned to at least partially measure an attenuated portion of the beam of radiation; and, 'at least one internal scanning subsystem having determining a predicted attenuated portion using a density estimate;', 'comparing the predicted attenuated portion to the measured attenuated portion to determine a signal difference;', 'adjusting the density estimate of the portion of the object by scaling the density estimate using signal differences of rays that intersect the portion of the object; and', 'repeatedly adjusting the density estimate until a difference between consecutive density estimates is below a selected threshold or a predetermined number of adjustments ...

HYDROGENOLYSIS CATALYSTS WITH HIGH ACID TOLERANCE

A catalyst includes a mixed metal oxide; an alumina; silica, and calcium, where the mixed metal oxide includes Cu and at least one of Mn, Zn, Ni, or Co. Such catalysts exhibit enhanced tolerance sulfur-containing compounds and free fatty acids.

ROTATING RADIATION SHUTTER COLLIMATOR

A shutter for controlling radiation exposure includes a rotatable member. The rotatable member is rotatable between an open position and a closed position. The rotatable member includes a passageway, wherein the passageway is positioned to receive radiation in the open position and is not positioned to receive radiation in the closed position. In the closed position, the rotatable member may substantially block or absorb the radiation. The passageway may collimate the radiation into a beam of radiation. The rotatable member may include a plurality of passageways positioned to receive radiation in the open position. The rotatable member may be rotatable between a plurality of open positions, each open position corresponding to at least one passageway. The open positions may align the source of radiation with different passageways in the rotatable member to form a different beam shape, a different number of beams, a different beam direction, or combinations thereof. 1. A shutter for selectively controlling radiation exposure , the shutter comprising:a body; anda rotatable member rotatably connected to the body, the rotatable member being rotatable between an open position and a closed position, the open position permitting radiation to pass through the rotatable member, the closed position substantially blocking or absorbing the radiation.2. The shutter of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable member is configured to collimate the radiation into at least one beam of radiation in the open position.3. The shutter of claim 2 , wherein the at least one beam of radiation is a plurality of beams of radiation.4. The shutter of claim 2 , wherein the rotatable member further comprises:a radiation inlet;a radiation outlet; anda passageway extending from the radiation inlet to the radiation outlet, wherein the radiation inlet is positioned to receive radiation when the rotatable member is in the open position.5. The shutter of claim 4 , wherein the passageway is shaped to form the ...

Three-dimensional image reconstruction using transmission and scatter radiography methods

A method for image reconstruction includes irradiating an object with a beam of radiation from a radiation source, measuring an attenuated portion of the beam, estimating a density of the object, determining a predicted attenuated portion of the beam using the density estimate, and iteratively adjusting the density estimate of the object. The predicted attenuated portion and the measured attenuated portion are compared to determine a signal difference. The density estimate of each portion of the object is adjusted by scaling the density estimate using the average signal differences of rays that intersect the portion of the object. The density estimate may be repeatedly adjusted until a difference between consecutive density estimates is below a selected threshold or a predetermined number of adjustments have been completed. The attenuated portion of the beam may include a scattered portion and a transmitted portion.

Systems and methods for particle portal imaging

A particle portal imaging (PPI) system and method are provided that can be used to provide a “beam's eye view” of a patient's anatomy as a charged particle beam is delivered to a target region of the patient's body. The PPI system is capable of performing real-time image acquisition and in-situ dose monitoring using at least exit neutrons generated within the patient. The PPI system can perform charged particle treatment (PT) monitoring to monitor the particle beam being used for PT.

Three-dimensional image reconstruction using transmission and scatter radiography methods

A method for image reconstruction includes irradiating an object with a beam of radiation from a radiation source, measuring an attenuated portion of the beam, estimating a density of the object, determining a predicted attenuated portion of the beam using the density estimate, and iteratively adjusting the density estimate of the object. The predicted attenuated portion and the measured attenuated portion are compared to determine a signal difference. The density estimate of each portion of the object is adjusted by scaling the density estimate using the average signal differences of rays that intersect the portion of the object. The density estimate may be repeatedly adjusted until a difference between consecutive density estimates is below a selected threshold or a predetermined number of adjustments have been completed. The attenuated portion of the beam may include a scattered portion and a transmitted portion.

Boron doped cement and concrete

Aspects of the present disclosure provide for cement, cement paste, cementitious paste, cementitious mortar, and concrete, methods of making cement, cement paste, cementitious paste, cementitious mortar, and concrete, structures incorporating the concrete, and the like, where the cement, cement paste, cementitious paste, cementitious mortar, and the concrete include elemental boron and/or one or more boron compounds (e.g., boron-doped cement, cement paste, cementitious paste, cementitious mortar, and concrete). The boron and/or a boron compound can be homogeneously distributed throughout the cement, cement paste, cementitious paste, cementitious mortar and/or concrete.

System and method for internal inspection of rail components

An internal imaging system has a radiation source and a plurality of detectors positioned to receive portions of the plurality of collimated beams that have been attenuated by interaction with the target. The radiation source is configured to irradiate a target with a plurality of collimated beams of radiation. Two of the plurality of collimated beams of radiation may have different beam shapes. Another internal imaging system includes a radiation source configured to irradiate a target with at least one collimated beam of radiation and at least one detector. A planar rotating collimator is positioned adjacent to the radiation source and is configured to form the at least one collimated beam. The at least one detector is positioned to receive attenuated portions of the at least one collimated beam. The radiation source may be or include a neutron source. The detectors may be or include a plurality of neutron converters.

Highly active and highly selective copper extrudate catalysts

A hydrogenation catalyst includes copper oxide, an alkali metal, and an acid-stabilized silica, wherein hydrogenation catalyst has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (“BET”) surface area of greater than or equal to about 15 m2/g. The hydrogenation catalysts are effective for converting aldehydes, ketones, and esters to alcohols and/or diesters to diols.

Hydrogenolysis catalysts with high acid tolerance

Method and apparatus for spectral deconvolution of detector spectra

Embodiments of the invention pertain to a method and apparatus for spectral deconvolution of detector spectra. In a specific embodiment, the method can be applied to sodium iodide scintillation detector spectra. An adaptive chi-processed (ACHIP) denoising technique can be used to remove the results of stochastic noise from low-count detector spectra. Embodiments of the ACHIP denoising algorithm can be used as a stand alone tool for rapid processing of one dimensional data with a Poisson noise component. In a specific embodiment, the denoising technique can be combined with the spectral deconvolution method. Embodiments of the denoising technique and embodiments of the deconvolution method can be applied to any detector material that provides a radiation spectrum. Specific embodiments can incorporate one or more of the following for spectral deconvolution: denoising, background subtraction, detector response function generation, and subtraction of detector response functions. Photopeaks can be rapidly identified, starting at the high-energy end of the spectrum. The detector response functions can be estimated for photopeaks with a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and simple transformations.

System and method for internal inspection of rail components

An internal imaging system has a radiation source and a plurality of detectors positioned to receive portions of the plurality of collimated beams that have been attenuated by interaction with the target. The radiation source is configured to irradiate a target with a plurality of collimated beams of radiation. Two of the plurality of collimated beams of radiation may have different beam shapes. Another internal imaging system includes a radiation source configured to irradiate a target with at least one collimated beam of radiation and at least one detector. A planar rotating collimator is positioned adjacent to the radiation source and is configured to form the at least one collimated beam. The at least one detector is positioned to receive attenuated portions of the at least one collimated beam. The radiation source may be or include a neutron source. The detectors may be or include a plurality of neutron converters.

Large angle off-axis beam steering of a phased telescope array

A system and method for large angle off-axis steering of the composite beam from a phased array telescope system.

Aluminum alloy for heat exchanger fins

An aluminum alloy fin stock material comprising about 0.9-1.2 wt. % Si, 0.3-0.5 wt. % Fe, 0.20-0.40 wt. % Cu, 1.0-1.5 wt. % Mn, 0-0.1% Mg and 0.0-3.0% Zn, with remainder Al and impurities at ≤0.15 wt. %. The aluminum alloy fin stock material is produced in a form of a sheet by a process comprising the steps of direct chill casting an ingot, hot rolling the ingot after the direct chill casting, cold rolling the aluminum alloy to an intermediate thickness, inter-annealing the aluminum alloy cold rolled to an intermediate thickness at a temperature between 200 and 400° C., and cold rolling the material after inter-annealing to achieve % cold work (% CW) of 20 to 40%. The aluminum alloy fin stock material possesses an improved combination of one or more of pre- and/or post-brazes strength, conductivity, sag resistance and corrosion potential. It is useful for fabrication of heat exchanger fins.

Method and apparatus for radiation detection and imaging

A device for measuring energy and incident angle of gamma radiation of an external source includes a radiation scattering layer and a radiation absorbing layer. The radiation scattering layer includes a first two-dimensional array of a first plurality of lanthanum tri-bromide crystal scintillator detectors. The radiation absorbing layer includes a second two- dimensional array of a second plurality of lanthanum tri-bromide crystal scintillator detectors. The second radiation absorbing layer is spaced from the first radiation scattering layer.

Systems and methods for particle portal imaging

A particle portal imaging (PPI) system and method are provided that can be used to provide a “beam’s eye view” of a patient’s anatomy as a charged particle beam is delivered to a target region of the patient’s body. The PPI system is capable of performing real-time image acquisition and in-situ dose monitoring using at least exit neutrons generated within the patient. The PPI system can perform charged particle treatment (PT) monitoring to monitor the particle beam being used for PT.

Systems and methods for particle portal imaging

A particle portal imaging (PPI) system and method are provided that can be used to provide a “beam's eye view” of a patient's anatomy as a charged particle beam is delivered to a target region of the patient's body. The PPI system is capable of performing real-time image acquisition and in-situ dose monitoring using at least exit neutrons generated within the patient. The PPI system can perform charged particle treatment (PT) monitoring to monitor the particle beam being used for PT.

Cementitious shielding composition for the wide-spectrum capture of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons

The present disclosure provides for cementitious shielding compositions, methods of making the cementitious shielding composition, structures incorporating the concrete cementitious shielding composition, and the like, where the cementitious shielding composition includes elemental boron and/or a boron compound, for example as boron particles. The boron particles can be homogeneously distributed throughout the cementitious shielding composition and can have a largest least dimension of about 100 microns or less. The present disclosure, in some aspects, can reduce or eliminate problems associated with minerals found in concrete aggregates, because those materials are degraded over time by neutron radiation, which leads to disorganized lattice structures, manifested as damage by radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE), and potentially further damage from alkali-silica reaction (ASR).

Method of obtaining an agent for cleaning lacquered and metallic surfaces

The method of getting charge for pyrolisis from acid refining waste

Cementitious shielding composition for the wide-spectrum capture of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons

The present disclosure provides for cementitious shielding compositions, methods of making the cementitious shielding composition, structures incorporating the concrete cementitious shielding composition, and the like, where the cementitious shielding composition includes elemental boron and/or a boron compound, for example as boron particles. The boron particles can be homogeneously distributed throughout the cementitious shielding composition and can have a largest least dimension of about 100 microns or less. The present disclosure, in some aspects, can reduce or eliminate problems associated with minerals found in concrete aggregates, because those materials are degraded over time by neutron radiation, which leads to disorganized lattice structures, manifested as damage by radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE), and potentially further damage from alkali-silica reaction (ASR).

Sposób wytwarzania środka do czyszczenia powierzchni lakierowych i metalowych

Sposób otrzymywania wsadu do pirolizy z kwaśnych odpadów porafinacyjnych