КАТАЛИЗАТОР КОНВЕРСИИ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

Изобретение относится к способу увеличения выхода ароматических соединений и уменьшения выхода С1-С4-соединений при риформинге лигроина и к применению катализатора для увеличения выхода ароматических соединений и уменьшения выхода С1-С4-соединений при риформинге лигроина. Катализатор содержит платину, калий или литий, церий, олово, хлорид и подложку. Средняя насыпная плотность катализатора находится в диапазоне от 0,300 до 1,00 грамм в расчете на один кубический сантиметр. Содержание платины составляет менее чем 0,6% (масс.). Содержание калия или лития находится в диапазоне от 50 до 1000 ч./млн (масс.), и содержание церия находится в диапазоне от 0,05 до 2% (масс.). 2 н. и 5 з.п. ф-лы, 1 табл., 1 ил., 5 пр.

ЭКОНОМИЧНЫЙ И ВЫСОКОАКТИВНЫЙ КАТАЛИЗАТОР ГИДРОПЕРЕРАБОТКИ

Изобретение относится к способу получения катализатора, катализатору гидропереработки тяжелого углеводородного сырья и к способу гидропереработки углеводородов. Способ изготовления катализатора включает: гомогенизацию пористого неорганического огнеупорного оксидного материала, триоксида молибдена, находящегося в тонкоизмельченном состоянии в виде частиц триоксида молибдена с максимальным размером менее 0,5 мм, соединения никеля и оксида фосфора(V) (РО) в твердом тонкоизмельченном состоянии в виде частиц, имеющих размер от 10 до 500 мкм, для получения смеси; формование частицы из указанной смеси; и прокаливание указанной частицы для получения прокаленной частицы. Каталитическая композиция для гидропереработки углеводородного сырья содержит прокаленную частицу, включающую гомогенизированную смесь, изготовленную указанным выше способом. Каталитическая композиция является особенно полезной для гидропереработки тяжелого углеводородного сырья, содержащего в значительных концентрациях серу, азот ...

КАТАЛИЗАТОР ДЛЯ РИФОРМИНГА БЕНЗИНОВЫХ ФРАКЦИЙ И СПОСОБ ЕГО ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к способам приготовления катализаторов для риформинга бензиновых фракций, применяемого в нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности для производства высокооктановых компонентов моторных топлив. Описан катализатор для риформинга бензиновых фракций, содержащий платину, рений, хлор и носитель, причем в качестве носителя катализатор содержит поверхностное соединение дегидратированного оксодифторида цирконила алюминия общей формулы AlO[ZrOF]с весовыми стехиометрическими коэффициентами х от 1,0·10до 10,0·10при следующем содержании компонентов, мас. %: платина 0,1-0,5, рений 0,1-0,4, хлор 0,7-1,3, носитель - остальное. Способ приготовления катализатора для риформинга бензиновых фракций включает получение носителя смешением гидроксида алюминия псевдобемитной структуры с водным раствором гексафторциркониевой кислоты HZrF, содержащим органические компоненты (муравьиная, уксусная, щавелевая, лимонная кислота или их смесь с общим кислотным модулем не менее 0,01 г-моль/г-моль) с последующей ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЛЕГКИХ ГАЗООБРАЗНЫХ И ЖИДКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ ПУТЕМ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНВЕРСИИ БЕНЗИНА ТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО КРЕКИНГА

Изобретение относится к способу получения легких газообразных и жидких углеводородов путем каталитической конверсии углеводородных соединений в среде неорганического расплавленного катализатора на основе двойных солей хлоридов металлов. В качестве углеводородных соединений используют бензин термического крекинга в присутствии расплава катализатора тетрахлорферрата натрия (NaFeCl4) и осуществляют процесс в реакторе с барботажем сырья через слой расплавленного катализатора, нагретого до 400-500°С, и при величинах времени контакта сырья 2,0-2,15 с. Технический результат - эффективный процесс каталитической конверсии бензина термического крекинга в газообразные углеводороды С1-С5 и легкие жидкие углеводороды. 4 табл., 8 пр.

Катализатор риформинга бензиновых фракций и способ его получения

Изобретение относится к производству катализатора риформинга бензиновых фракций и может быть использовано в нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. Катализатор риформинга бензиновых фракций содержит следующие компоненты, масс. %: платина 0,2-0,4, рений 0,2-0,4, бинарное соединение индия и циркония, имеющее мольное отношение In:Zr=1,0:0,6-3,0, 0,07-0,35, хлор 0,8-1,3, алюмооксидный носитель - остальное. Для получения катализатора готовят алюмооксидный носитель из формовочной пасты, полученной последовательным смешиванием при перемешивании псевдобемита, бинарного соединения индия и циркония, имеющего мольное отношение In:Zr=1,0.(0,6-3,0), водного раствора азотной кислоты и воды, перемешиванием с растиранием в течение 8-10 мин, добавлением водного раствора метилцеллюлозы и перемешиванием в течение 30-35 мин, формованием пасты в гранулы, сушкой и прокаливанием в токе воздуха. Полученный алюмооксидный носитель предварительно промывают слабым раствором уксусной кислоты в течение 20-30 мин, затем ...

КИСЛОТНЫЙ КАТАЛИЗАТОР АРОМАТИЗАЦИИ С УЛУЧШЕННОЙ АКТИВНОСТЬЮ И СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬЮ

Настоящее изобретение относится к способам получения катализаторов на носителе и, в частности, касается получения катализаторов ароматизации на носителе, содержащих переходной металл и связанное цеолитное основание, с использованием стадии пропитки катализатора, на которой присутствуют высокие загрузки хлора. Описан катализатор на носителе для риформинга углеводородного сырья содержит: связанное цеолитное основание; от 0,3 мас.% до 3 мас.% платины; от 1,8 мас.% до 4 мас.% хлора; и от 0,4 мас.% до 1,5 мас.% фтора, из расчета на общую массу катализатора на носителе; где катализатор на носителе характеризуется пиковой температурой восстановления на кривой температурно-программируемого восстановления (ТПВ) в диапазоне от 580°F до 800°F, где связанное цеолитное основание содержит K/L-цеолит и связующе на основе кремнезема. Способ риформинга углеводородного сырья включает приведение в контакт углеводородного сырья с катализатором ароматизации на носителе в условиях риформинга в реакторной системе ...

Способ получения насыщенных карбо-или гетероциклических соединений

Verwendung einer katalytischen Zusammensetzung in einem Verfahren zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen

CATALYST COMPOSITION AND COPPER-CATALYZED FLUID-BED HYDROCARBON-OXYHYDROCHLORINATION PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,2-DICHLORETHANE

Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Kontaktmasse

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Kontaktmasse (KM), bei dem Silicium mit einer mittleren Korngößenverteilung von 150 bis 450 Mikrometer, Kupferkatalysator, ausgewählt aus elementarem Kupfer und Kupferverbindung, Zinkpromotor, ausgewählt aus elementarem Zink und Zinkverbindung Zinnpromotor, ausgewählt aus elementarem Zinn und Zinnverbindung, wobei mindestens der Kupferkatalysator oder Promotor ein Chlorid enthält, vermischt werden und die Mischung unter einem Strom von Trägergas, das ausgewählt wird aus N2, Edelgasen, CO2, CO und H2 so lange bei einer Temperatur von 200°C bis 600°C erhitzt wird, bis mindestens 95 Gew.-% der entstehenden Siliciumchloride vom Trägergasstrom ausgetragen worden sind; und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methylchlorsilanen unter Einsatz der Kontaktmasse (KM).

MANUFACTURE OF 1,1-DIFLUOROETHNE

... 1343001 1,1-Difluoroethane SOLVAY & CIE 10 April 1972 [28 April 1971] 16465/72 Heading C2C 1,1-Difluoroethane is prepared by reacting vinyl chloride with hydrogen fluoride in the vapour phase at a temperature of from 100‹ to 400‹ C. in the presence of a catalyst comprising a vanadium compound supported on active carbon. The catalyst is preferably a halide or oxyhalide of tri-, tetra- or pentavalent vanadium and may be treated with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride gas before reaction.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ANTHRAQUINONE

... 1433566 Preparation of anthraquinone RHONE-POULENC SA 10 May 1974 [11 May 1973] 20810/74 Heading C2C Anthraquinone is prepared by oxidizing anthracene in the liquid phase with oxygen or a free oxygen-containing gas, in an inert organic solvent, and in the presence of cupric bromide. The solvent is preferably a saturated aliphatic alcohol or a compound of the formula wherein R 1 and R 2 , which may be the same or different, are hydrogen or C 1 to C 5 alkyl, R1 is C 1 to C 10 alkylene, and n is an integer of 1 to 3. The process may be carried out in the presence of an activator which is an inorganic acid with a pK of less than 2 (other than hydrochloric acid) an iron halide, aluminium halide, or a halide of an element of Group 3A, 4A or 5A of the Periodic Table.

PALLADIUM COMPOSITIONS SUITABLE AS OXIDATION CATALYSTS

... 1438557 Treating exhaust gases LAROX RESEARCH CORP 19 July 1973 34339/73 Heading C1A [Also in Division B1] Carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide, e.g. in exhaust gases from I.C. engines or oil and coalburning boilers, are oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulphur trioxide, respectively, by contact with a catalyst which comprises either (i) an aqueous homogeneous solution comprising (a) a water-soluble Pd (II) salt, e.g. the chloride or lithium palladium chloride, having a palladium ion concentration of 0À00005 to 0À025 mole/litre, (b) a Cu (II) chloride or bromide, (c) a Cu (II) salt of an oxyanion derived from a strong acid, wherein the total concentration of (b) and (c) is 0À003 to 3 moles/litre and (b) forms 15 to 60 mole per cent of the total of (b) and (c) and, optionally, (d) a chloride or bromide of a Group Ia or Group IIa metal, e.g. lithium chloride; or (ii) a composition obtained by impregnating a support with such an aqueous solution and drying to deposit 0À0003 to 0À03 moles / kg ...

PROCESSES AND CATALYSTS FOR VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION OF -HYDROXYMETHYL-ALKYL CYCLOALKYL AND ARALKYL PHOSPHINES

... 1468491 Preparation of hydroxymethyl phosphines HOECHST AG 17 March 1975 [22 March 1974] 11012/75 Heading C2P Phosphines of Formula I where n is 1 or 2 and each R is optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aralkyl having up to 18 carbon atoms, are prepared by reacting a corresponding phosphine R n P(H) 3-n with formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde or trioxane at atmospheric pressure at less than 40‹ C. in the presence of an inert, polar, organic solvent, and separating the solvent from the reaction product. Suitable solvents are alcohols, glycols, ethers, alkylated formamides, aliphatic and aromatic nitriles, halogenated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclic and linear sulphones, carboxylic anhydrides and esters and N- alkylated carboxylic acid amides. A catalyst which is a salt or complex of a group II or VIII metal or a phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite or phosphonium compound may also be used. The reaction is preferably carried out in a protective gas atmosphere. The process may ...

METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF OLEFIN OLIGOMER

... 1502692 Oligomerizing C 6+ olefins LION FAT & OIL CO Ltd 26 Jan 1976 [30 Jan 1975] 02843/76 Heading C5E [Also in Division C3] Olefins having at least 6 carbon atoms are polymerized to low polymers/oligomers in the presence of a catalyst mixture of (a) a polyhydric alcohol derivative obtained by substituting the hydrogen atoms of all of the hydroxyl groups of a polyhydric alcohol by either acyl groups only or both acyl and alkyl group(s), (b) an aluminium trihalide, and (c) aluminium powder. A solvent may be present. The products may be hydrogenated. Typical examples refer to the production of polyolefin oils by polymerizing octene-1 or a C 6 , C 8 , C 10 -olefin mixture in the presence of (a) ethylene glycol diacetate or ethoxyethoxyethylacetate, (b) AlCl 3 and (c) Al, followed by distilling off monomer and dimers, and repeated by hydrogenating the product.

Improved process for making cyclododecatriene

Catalysts for trimerizing butadiene, isoprene or piperylene to the cyclododecatrienes in which the ratio of ethyl groups to aluminium atoms is 0,9:1 to 1,3:1 may be prepared (a) by dissolving 1 to 1,5 moles of Al Et3 per mole of TiCl4 in a solvent, reacting the compounds to reduce the TiCl4 to TiCl3 and adding sufficient AlCl3 or HCl to bring the ratio of ethyl to aluminium to the required range; (b) by dissolving 3 to 5 moles of AlEt2Cl per mole of TiCl4 in a solvent and reacting the compounds to reduce the TiCl4 to TiCl3, and if necessary adjusting the ethy/aluminium ratio to the required range with AlCl3 or HCl; (c) by reacting TiCl3,O,33 AlCl3 with aluminium ethyl sesquichloride in proportions to obtain the desired ethyl/aluminium ratio; (d) by adding AlEtCl2 to TiCl3 dispersed in a hydrocarbon solvent or chlorobenzene; or (e) adding aluminium metal and an alkyl halide to TiCl3 dispersed in a solvent.ALSO:Butadiene, isoprene and piperylene are trimerised to the cyclododecatrienes with ...

OXYCHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE AND CATALYST THEREFOR

... 1483439 Oxychlorination catalyst SOC ITALIANA RESINE SIR SpA 3 Oct 1975 [4 Oct 1974] 40603/75 Heading B1E [Also in Division C2] An oxychlorination catalyst comprises cupric chloride deposited, e.g. by impregnation, onto a granular eta-alumina support of total pore volume 0.3-0.5 ml/g and surface area of 250- 400 m2/g, wherein at least 90% of the pore volume arises from pores of radius less than 40Š and at least 90% of the surface area arises from pores of radius less than 30Š. The catalyst may contain 2-8% wt copper and may be in granules of 20-100 microns size for use in a fluidised bed. No alkali metal chloride need be present, although 0.5-4.5% wt (as alkali metal) may be added if desired.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING A CHLORINE COMPRISING CATALYST, THE PREPARED CATALYST, AND ITS USE

Process for the preparation of derived from benzophenone.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING A CHLORINE COMPRISING CATALYST, THE PREPARED CATALYST, AND ITS USE

PROCESS FOR PREPARING A CHLORINE COMPRISING CATALYST, THE PREPARED CATALYST, AND ITS USE

VERFAHREN ZUR ABTRENNUNG VON ATHYLEN AUS EINEM ATHYLEN ENTHALTENDEN MEDIENSTROM

EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE FROM HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.

OXYCHLORIERUNG CATALYTIC COMPOSITION AND PROCEDURE FOR THE OXYCHLORIERUNG OF ETHYLS USING THIS COMPOSITION.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORTHOTRIFLUORMETHYLANILIN.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE FROM ETHAN AND ETHYLS WITH IMMEDIATE PRODUCTION OF HCL FROM REACTION STREAM

PROCEDURE FOR THE SEPARATION OF AETHYLEN FROM A AETHYLEN ABSTENTION MEDIUM STREAM

OXYHALOGENIERUNGSVERFAHREN USING CATALYSTS WITH RARE GROUND CONNECTION HALIDEN CARRIERS

Process for vinyl chloride manufacture from ethane and ethylene with secondary reactive consumption of reactor effluent hcl

Process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst, the prepared catalyst, and its use

The invention concerns a process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst by (a) providing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising titania and at least 5 weight percent cobalt; (b) impregnating the catalyst with a solution comprising chloride ions;and (c) heating the impregnated catalyst at a temperature in the range of between 100 and 500 °C for at least 5 minutes up to 2 days. The prepared catalyst preferably comprises 0.13 –3 weight percent of the element chlorine. The invention further relates to the prepared catalyst and its use.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SILVER-CONTAINING CATALYST

ETHYLENE/CHLORINE ELIMINATION PROCESS

Process for vinyl chloride manufacture from ethane and ethylene with partial hc1recovery from reactor effluent

OXYCHLORINATION OF METHANE

COMPOSITION OF MATTER AND METHOD OF OXIDATIVE CONVERSION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THEREWITH

A solid composition of matter consisting essentially of: (a) a component comprising: (1) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IA metals and compounds containing said metals and (2), optionally, at least one material selected from the group consisting of tin, compounds containing tin, chloride ions and compounds containing said chloride ions and (b) a component comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals and compounds containing said metals. The composition is particularly useful as a contact material for the oxidative conversion of less valuable organic compounds to more valuable organic compounds, particularly in the presence of a free oxygen containing gas. A method for converting feed organic compounds to product organic compounds, in the presence of a free oxygen containing gas, utilizing the above composition, as well as combinations of tin and a Group IIA metal and of tin, chloride ions and a Group IIA metal is disclosed ...

RECOVERY OF NITRILES

Process for the recovery of reactants and products from a catalyst containing residue, e.g., a residue obtained from the hydrocyanation of olefins such as butadiene using a ?ero-valent nickel complex as the hydrocya?ation catalyst wherein the complex is promoted with a tri?rylborene or a zinc compound such as zinc chloride. The residue is mixed, i.e., extracted with a solvent consisting essentially of monoolefinically unsaturated nitriles, e.g., ?-pentene-nitrile. The resulting extract containing the pentenenitriles and the desired products e.g., adipo?itrile and its precursors is separated from the insoluble materials consisting essentially of catalyst residue and at least a portion thereof is returned to the hydrocya?ation process.

OXYCHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE

Oxychlorination of ethylene is carried out using a three-reactor system containing beds of a catalyst comprising a spherical, high-surface area activated alumina impregnated with cupric chloride and potassium chloride. In the first two reactors, the catalyst bed is divided into two sections, with a more active catalyst in the lower section than in the upper. The catalyst is substantially undiluted with inert particles.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SILVER-CONTAINING CATALYST

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SILVER-CONTAINING CATALYST Process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst suitable for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, characterized in that a silver compound is applied to a carrier, after which the silver compound is reduced to metallic silver, and in which process the carrier has been prepared by mixing an aluminium compound with a chlorine compound and by calcining the obtained mixture.

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF URETHANES

Mo-2030 LeA 19,435 A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF URETHANES The present invention relates to an improved process for the production of urethanes (carbamic acid esters) by the reaction of organic nitro compounds with carbon monoxide and organic compounds containing at least one hydroxy group in the presence of palladium and/ or palladium compounds and a cocatalyst which consists of a mixture of one or more iron oxides and/or iron hydroxides and activating chloride-containing additives. LeA 19,435 ...

CONVERSION OF HEAVY PETROLEUM OILS

F-0985-L CONVERSION OF HEAVY PETROLEUM OILS Heavy petroleum oils, such as vacuum resids and heavy fractions of tar sands and shale oil, are partially converted to more volatile hydrocarbons by mixing with light aromatic hydrocarbons and treatment of the mixture with a transalkylation catalyst, for example a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride. It is believed that the conversion is essentially a transalkylation, i.e. the resid undergoes dealkylation with concurrent alkylation of the light aromatic hydrocarbon.

PREPARATION OF CYCLODODECATRIENE

Process for preparing 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene by contacting butadiene with a catalyst system resulting from the mixing of an aluminum composition of the structure Z(2.5-3.5)Al2Cl(3.5-2.5) wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms and the phenyl radical; a titanium compound of the formula TiA4 wherein A is selected from the class consisting of C1, Br, I and OR wherein R is an organic radical of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and a promoter for the catalyst system wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of water, oxygen and oxygen-contain-ing organic compounds, at a temperture in the range of 20 to 120.degree.C. and at a pressure of 0.5 to 50 atmoshperes and recovering cyclododecatriene-1,5,9 along with byproducts 1,5-cyclooctadiene and 4-vinylcyclohexene, the improvement which comprises adding an iodide-containing composition or compound selected from the group consisting of Z(2.5-3.5)Al2I(3.5-2.5), Z2AlI, ZAlI2, ...

CHEMICAL PROCESS AND CATALYST TO BE USED THEREIN

Case 7068(2) CHEMICAL PROCESS AND CATALYST TO BE USED THEREIN A process for the preparation of a cogel catalyst comprises preparing an aqueous solution containing a soluble compound of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a soluble metal compound which is thermally decomposable to a metal oxide capable of converting methane to higher hydrocarbons and a hydrolysable silane under such conditions that a homogenous cogel is formed. The cogel catalyst is effective for oxidising methane to higher hydrocarbons and exhibits greater selectivity and lasts longer than conventional prior art catalysts. A process for using the cogel catalyst to effect oxidation of methane is also described.

METHOD FOR TREATING ORGANIC WASTE MATERIAL AND AN OXIDATION CATALYST/COCATALYST COMPOSITION USEFUL THEREFOR

An oxidation catalysts/cocatalyst composition of matter is useful in oxidizing organic waste material. Use of the oxidation catalysts/cocatalyst composition causes the reaction rate to increase and causes the energy required for the reaction to decrease. A solution, including the oxidation catalysts/cocatalyst composition, and a reaction medium composition further including organic waste material are also described.

DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF HALOGENATED ALKANES USING RARE EARTH HALIDE OR OXYHALIDE CATALYST

A process for the dehydrohalogenation of halogenated alkanes involving contacting a halogenated alkane having three or more carbon atoms with a rare earth halide or rare earth oxyhalide catalyst under process conditions sufficient to prepare an alkene or halogenated alkene. The process converts low valued halogenated alkanes, which are by-products of industrial chlorination processes, into higher valued alkenes and halogenated alkenes. 1,2-Dichloropropane, for example, can be dehydrochlorinated predominantly to allyl chrloride and 1-chloropropene with little production of low value 2- chloropropene. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane can be dehydrochlorinated predominantly to 1,3-dichloropropene which is useful in soil fumigants.

PROCESS SELECTING A CATALYST BASED ON CATION ELECTRONEGATIVITY

PROCESS FOR OXIDIZING PHENOL TO P-BENZOQUINONE

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF URETHANES

A SOLVENT-FREE MELT POLYCONDENSATION PROCESS OF MAKING FURAN-BASED POLYAMIDES

Disclosed herein are processes of making furan-based polyamides using solvent-free melt condensation of a diamine and an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a C2 to C12 aliphatic diol or a polyol. The processes comprise a) forming a reaction mixture by mixing one or more diamines, a diester comprising an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a C2 to C12 aliphatic diol or a polyol, and a catalyst, such that the diamine is present in an excess amount of at least 1 mol% with respect to the diester amount; and b) melt polycondensing the reaction mixture in the absence of a solvent at a temperature in the range of 60 °C to a maximum temperature of 250 °C under an inert atmosphere, while removing alkyl alcohol to form a furan-based polyamide, wherein the one or more diamines comprises an aliphatic diamine, an aromatic diamine, or an alkylaromatic diamine.

PROCESS FOR THE DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF A CHLOROALKANE

A process for the production of a chloroalkene that includes contacting a liquid phase chloroalkane with a solid catalyst, a catalyst deposited on a solid substrate, or combinations thereof, thereby causing the dehydrochlorination of the chloroalkane to produce a chloroalkene product and HCl. Processes for the production of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene and 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane are further provided.

PRODUCTION OF STABLE VANADIUM TETRACHLORIDE

PRODUCTION OF (HYDROXYMETHYL)-ALKYL, CYCLOALKYL AND ARALKYLPHOSPHINES

PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION FOR CONTROLLING PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL BACTERIA

A pharmaceutical preparation for controlling pathogenic microorganisms causi ng diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal troubles in man and in animals contains Streptococcus lactic strain LIa in a t least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier medium in which the microorganism retains its viability. The use of the preparation for controlling pathogenic microorganisms causing diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal infections in man and in animal s is also described.

SUPPORTED LEWIS ACID CATALYSTS FOR HYDROCARBON CONVERSION REACTIONS

A supported Lewis acid catalyst system for catalyzing hydrocarbon conversion reactions including cationic polymerization, alkylation, isomerization and cracking reactions is disclosed, wherein the catalyst system comprises an inorganic oxide support having immobilized thereon at least one relatively strong Lewis acid and at least one relatively weak Lewis acid.

Verfahren zur Herstellung von organometallischen Halogeniden

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Katalysatoren zur Polymerisation von ungesättigten organischen Verbindungen

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Benzophenon-Derivaten

Verfahren zur Herstellung von trans-1-Chlorbuten-(2) und 3-Chlorbuten-(1)

Procédé de préparation de 1,2-dichloréthane

Catalysts for fluidised bed processes

Catalysts are prepared by impregnating the finely divided carrier, while in the pseudofluidised state, with the catalyst solutions at temp. below that of their boiling point, drying, impregnating the catalyst on carrier with the solvent taken in amounts of 80-95% v/v of the carrier pore volume, and drying again. This produces a catalyst of high activity which can be easily fluidised.

PROCEDURE FOR THE DISTANCE OF ETHYLEN FROM A MATERIAL MIXTURE.

METHOD FOR MAKING CYCLIC TRIMERS OF ISOPRENE.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LINEAR ALDEHYDES THROUGH HYDROFORMYLIERUNG.

Procedure for the production of Malondialdehyd derivatives.

PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF CHLORINE FROM HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND INSTALLATION FOR IMPLEMENTING THIS METHOD.

Process for the preparation of the dicloruro of the L-5- acid (2-acetossi-propionilammino) - 2,4,6-triiodo-isoftalico.

PRODUCTION OF GRAPHITE FROM BIOMASS OF

Graphite production from biomass

MANUFACTORING PROCESS OF CHLOROBENZENE

CATALYSEUR A BASE D'HALOGENURES METALLIQUES ET SON APPLICATION A LA PRODUCTION DE DICHLORURE D'ETHYLENE

CATALYSEUR UTILE DANS LA PREPARATION DU DICHLORURE D'ETHYLENE PAR OXYCHLORURATION DE L'ETHYLENE EN PHASE VAPEUR. CE CATALYSEUR EST CONSTITUE D'UN HALOGENURE D'ALUMINIUM ET D'UN HALOGENURE DE CUIVRE, AINSI QU'EVENTUELLEMENT D'UN HALOGENURE DE METAL ALCALIN, SUR UN SUPPORT PULVERULENT. APPLICATION A LA PRODUCTION DE DICHLORURE D'ETHYLENE AYANT UNE TENEUR REDUITE EN CHLORE.

Process for the production of 1,2-dichloroethane and chloride de vinyl starting from ethylene and hydrochloric acid

Process of recovery of a catalyst containing cobalt

METHOD OF PREPARATION Of a HYDROGEL INCLUDING/UNDERSTANDING OF MINERAL PARTICLES SILICO-METALLIQUES AND HYDROGEL

L'invention concerne un procédé de préparation d'un hydrogel comprenant des particules minérales silico-métalliques de formule (Six(Si-A)1-x)4M3O11, n'H2O dans laquelle : x est un nombre réel de l'intervalle [0,75 ; 1 [, A désigne un groupement choisi parmi un méthyle et les groupements hydrocarbonés comprenant au moins un hétéroatome, M est un métal choisi dans le groupe formé du magnésium, du cobalt, du zinc, du cuivre, du manganèse, du fer, du nickel et du chrome, dans lequel on réalise une réaction de co-précipitation en milieu aqueux entre : - au moins un sel métallique dudit métal M, - du métasilicate de sodium Na2OSiO2, et - au moins un oxysilane soluble dans l'eau et ayant pour formule (I): dans laquelle R1, R2 et R3 sont choisis parmi un hydrogène et les groupements alkyles linéaires comprenant 1 à 3 atome(s) de carbone. L'invention s'étend à un hydrogel de formule (Six(Si-A)1-x)4M3O11, n'H2O.

PROCESS OF SEPARATION Of a CATALYST TO PALLADIUM

Catalyst for alkylation of paraffins

Catalyseur à base d'un support poreux organique ou minéral et du mélange constitué d'au moins un halogénure d'aluminium et/ou halogénure de bore et d'au moins un halogénure d'ammonium quaternaire et son utilisation en alkylation catalytique d'isobutane et/ou d'isopentane en présence d'au moins une oléfine comportant de 2 à 6 atomes de carbone par molécule.

Catalyst for aromatic e.g. phenyl mono:isocyanate prodn. - contg. palladium chloride, a Gp=VB metal oxide, a Gp=VIB metal oxide, and a pyridine or alkyl-substd. pyridine (AT 15.4.81)

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE

FLUID BED OXYCHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE

PROCESS FOR THE ALKYLATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

A METHOD FOR REMOVING the TAR OF MIXTURES SELECTIVELY COMING From a CATALYTIC REACTION OF CARBONYLATION

MANUFACTURE OF 1,1-DIFLUOROETHNE

PROCEDE DE PREPARATION D'ORTHOTRIFLUOROMETHYLANILINE

LA PRESENTE INVENTION A POUR OBJET UN PROCEDE DE PREPARATION DE L'ORTHOTRIFLUOROMETHYLANILINE. SELON CE PROCEDE, DANS UNE PREMIERE ETAPE, ON FAIT REAGIR DU TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE AVEC DU CHLORE GAZEUX EN PRESENCE D'UN CATALYSEUR DE CHLORATION JUSQU'A CONSOMMATION D'AU MOINS 90 DU TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE, DANS UNE DEUXIEME ETAPE, ON EFFECTUE LA NITRATION DU MELANGE BRUT RESULTANT PAR ACTION D'UN MELANGE ACIDE SULFURIQUE-ACIDE NITRIQUE JUSQU'A DISPARITION DES CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENES FORMES LORS DE LA PREMIERE ETAPE, DANS UNE TROISIEME ETAPE, APRES DECANTATION ET LAVAGE DE LA PHASE ORGANIQUE, ON SOUMET CETTE DERNIERE A UNE PREMIERE HYDROGENATION SOUS PRESSION EN PRESENCE D'UN CATALYSEUR D'HYDROGENATION CONSTITUE PAR DU NICKEL RANEY ETOU NICKEL RANEY DOPE AU CHROME EN MILIEU SOLVANT ORGANIQUE JUSQU'A DISPARITION COMPLETE DES NITROCHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENES, PUIS A UNE DEUXIEME HYDROGENATION EN PRESENCE D'UNE QUANTITE SUPPLEMENTAIRE DE NICKEL RANEY ET D'AU MOINS UNE BASE ALCALINE ET ...

OXYCHLORINATION OF METHANE

Methane was oxychlorinated with HC1 or C1 at 371-460≨C in the presence of molten KC1, CuC12, CuC1 and CuOC1 mixt. The mole ratio of CH4 to C1 or HC1 was controlled. An effluent containing unreacted CH4, CH3C1, CH2C12, CHC13, and CC14 withdrawn from oxychlorination reaction zone was recovered and recycled to oxychlorination reaction zone. Unreacted CH4, CH3C1, and CH2C12, were recovered as net chlorinated methane reaction product. CC14 was <17wt% of net chlorinated methane reaction product and methane selectivity <=75 mole %. Copyright 1997 KIPO ...

DEHYDRATION OF A SUGAR ALCOHOL WITH MIXED COMBINATION OF ACID CATALYSTS

Alkalescent catalyst solution for combustion engine and method for preparing the same

CONTINUOUS REGENERABLE ADSORBENT AND METHOD OF PRODUCING SAME

The present invention relates to an adsorbent for removing malodors and volatile organic compounds, and a method of producing the same, and more specifically, to a continuous regenerable adsorbent capable of maintaining adsorption capacity over continuous regeneration; and to a method of producing the same. According to the present invention, when adsorbing malodors and volatile organic compounds, an activated carbon support containing multiple pores induces diffusion of the corresponding gas molecules. Further, a boehmite catalyst coated on the surface of the activated carbon support forms an ionic (or covalent) bond with the corresponding gas molecules, wherein the ionic (or covalent) bond formed by the boehmite catalyst has an adsorption strength which is stronger than physical adsorption, yet weaker than chemical adsorption, such that the adsorbed gas molecules are easily detached during the adsorbent regeneration process. Furthermore, the surface of the adsorbent after the regeneration ...

바이오매스로부터의 흑연 제조

... 본 발명은 주로 바이오매스, 차르 또는 타르로부터 흑연을 제조하는 방법에 관한 것이다. 본 발명은 또한 흑연-함유 재료로부터 흑연을 제조하기 위한 신규한 장치 및 촉매를 제공한다. 특정 실시형태에서, 본 발명은 바이오매스를 열수 처리하여 타르 또는 하이드로차르를 제조하고 흑연화시켜 흑연을 제조하는 흑연의 제조에 관한 것이다.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING AEROGEL BLANKET, AND AEROGEL BLANKET PRODUCED THEREBY

The present invention relates to a method for producing an aerogel blanket ensuring excellent hydrophobicity at a high temperature, and an aerogel blanket produced thereby. According to the present invention, the production method involves the use of a precursor obtained by mixing silica sol and hydrophobic aerogel powder together, thereby enabling production of superhydrophobic aerogel blankets in which hydrophobization is achieved even in an internal structure. The aerogel blanket produced by the production method of the present invention also ensures high hydrophobicity since a surface and the internal structure are all hydrophobized, while retaining hydrophobicity upon high temperature application. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2017 (AA) 550°C 1 hour heat-treatment (BB) Example 1 (CC) Example 2 ...

CATALYTIC COMPOSITION AND ETHYLENE OXYCHLORINATION PROCESS USING THE SAME.

PROCESS FOR DICLORO-ETANO PRODUCTION

METHOD OF MAKING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

método para decomposição de biomassa da planta, e método para produção de glicose

WERKWIJZE VOOR DE BEREIDING VAN EEN KATALYSATORCOMPONENT EN HET MET DEZE WERKWIJZE VERKREGEN PRODUKT

Transesterification process for production of (meth)acrylate ester monomers

Process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

The instant invention relates to a process and method for manufacturing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene by dehydrohalogenating a reactant stream of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane that is substantially free from impurities, particularly halogenated propanes, propenes, and propynes.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE

The present invention relates, at least in part, to a process for making chlorotrifluoroethylene (CFO-1113) from 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a). In certain aspects, the process includes dehydrochlorinating 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a) in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides; (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides; (iii) one or more zero-valent metals or metal alloys; (iv) combinations thereof. 1. A process for producing chlorotrifluoroethylene (CFO-1113) comprising:dehydrochlorinating 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a) in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides; (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides; (iii) one or more zero-valent metals or metal alloys; (iv) combinations thereof to produce a reaction product comprising CFO-1113.2. The process of wherein the conversion of HCFC-123a is at least about 5 wt. %.3. The process of wherein a selectivity to chlorotrifluoroethylene is at least about 70 wt. %.4. The process of wherein said reaction product comprises less than about 10 wt. % of CFO-1112.5. The process of wherein the dehydrochlorinating step is conducted at a temperature greater than about 400° C.6. The process of wherein a substantial portion of the dehydrochlorinating step is carried out at a temperature of from about 480° C. to about 550° C.7. The process of wherein catalyst comprises a mono-valent metal halide claim 1 , a bi-valent metal halide claim 1 , a tri-valent metal halide claim 1 , or a combination thereof.8. The process of wherein catalyst comprises a mono-valent metal halide claim 1 , a bi-valent metal halide or a combination thereof.9. The process of wherein the catalyst comprises at least one metal halide wherein the component metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Mg claim 1 , Ca claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Li claim 1 , Na claim ...

Enhanced regio-selectivity in glycol acylation

A method for acid-catalyzed acylation of an isohexide is described. The method involves a reaction of an isohexide and an excess of carboxylic acid in the presence of a Lewis acid or a Brønsted acid catalyst. One or more Lewis acid or Brønsted acid can facilitate conversion of isohexides to their corresponding mono and diesters with a pronounced greater regio-selectivity of exo-OH over endo-OH of the isohexide in the product. Particular catalytic acid species include zirconium chloride (ZrCl 4 ) and phosphonic acid (H 3 PO 3 ), which manifest a ratio of exo:endo regioselectivity of about 5.0≠3:1 and about 4.00.3:1, respectively.

Processes for the Preparation of Silicon Containing Intermetallic Compounds and Intermetallic Compounds Prepared Thereby

Intermetallic compounds, such as metal silicides, e.g., PdSi and/or Pd 2 Si, can be selectively prepared in a two step process including the steps of (1) vacuum impregnating silicon with a metal halide, and (2) ball milling the product of step (1).

HYBRID NANOSTRUCTURED PHOTOCATALYSTS AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

The present invention relates to a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst, comprising a first nanoparticle comprising silver halide (AgX); a second nanoparticle, which is formed on an outer surface of the first nanoparticle and comprises Ag; and a polymer formed on any one outer surface of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle, and a preparation method thereof. Specifically, the present invention provides a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst having a high photocatalytic activity in a visible light region and a preparation method thereof. 1. A hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst , comprising:a first nanoparticle comprising silver halide (AgX), wherein X is any of Cl, Br, and I;multiple second nanoparticles in a dendritic form on an outer surface of the first nanoparticle and comprising Ag; anda polymer formed on any one outer surface of the first nanoparticle and the multiple second nanoparticles.2. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle has at least one shape selected from the group consisting of a semi-sphere claim 1 , a sphere claim 1 , a truncated-cube claim 1 , and a cube.3. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the second nanoparticle is formed on the outer surface of the first nanoparticle claim 1 , and the shape of the hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst is formed to correspond to the shape of the first nanoparticle.4. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle has a crystal structure.5. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle has a face-centered cubic structure.6. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst has a band gap energy of 2.0 eV to 3.0 eV and a photocatalytic activity in a visible light region.7. (canceled)8. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , ...

Process for preparing (z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene

The present application is directed to processes and intermediates for preparing (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene. The present application further provides compositions prepared according to one or more of the processes described herein and methods of using the compositions.

CATALYST FOR DISINFECTION, STERILIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF AIR, AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

A method of utilizing a catalyst for the sterilization, disinfection and purification of indoor air. The catalyst carrier is made of inorganic porous material such as Silica, Zeolite, Diatomite, Sepiolite, Montmoroillonite, and Aluminum oxide. The catalyst carrier can also be made of Cordierite, or Mullite ceramic honeycomb. After dipping into stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution or stabilized chlorine dioxide solution, the catalyst is produced after dehydration. The catalyst is irradiated with ultraviolet lamp to generate gas-phase free radicals including reactive particles such as .OH, .ClO2, .HO2, .O, thereby sterilizing microbial air pollutants such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, and remove chemical air pollutants such as formaldehyde. 1. A catalyst for disinfection , sterilization and purification of air the catalyst comprises a porous inorganic catalyst carrier , the catalyst can generates a large scale of free radicals in gas phase comprising OH , .ClO , .HOand .O , which absorb and oxidize the virus , bacteria , fungi and other microorganisms in the air , and clears the formaldehyde and other chemical contaminants by oxidation.2. The catalyst for disinfection claim 1 , sterilization and purification of air according to claim 1 , wherein the porous inorganic catalyst carrier is impregnated in stabilized chlorine dioxide solution or stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution claim 1 , and the catalyst is formed after the carrier is dried at a temperature lower than 85° C.3. The catalyst for disinfection claim 2 , sterilization and purification of air according to claim 2 , wherein the porous inorganic catalyst carrier can be a structured carrier with hole density between 30 mesh to 900 mesh claim 2 , such as cordierite or mullite ceramic honeycomb claim 2 , which is designed into a certain size that is suitable for manufacture claim 2 , and is combined in series or in parallel according to actual requirements to meet different using ...

A process for preparation of amides and esters of 2-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propanoic acid

The present invention describes method of preparation of esters or amides of lactyl lactates of general formula I, where Z denotes to group of R—O or RR′—N and R represent alkyl, aryl or H from lactide and the lactide is in contact with a hydrocarbyl alcohol and a hydrolyzable halide in a non-chlorinated organic solvent, or an amine initiated by a hydrolysable halide or hydrogen halide solution or an ammonium hydrohalide, wherein the hydrocarbyl alcohol or amine is either aliphatic or aromatic and containing 1 to 1000 carbon atoms, preferably 1 up to 150 carbon atoms, and optionally one or more, preferably 1 to 5, —CH— groups may be replaced by —O— groups. 2. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the hydrocarbyl alcohol contains 1 to 100 hydroxy groups claim 1 , preferably 1 to 10 hydroxyl groups and is selected from the group consisting of methanol claim 1 , 1-propanol claim 1 , 1-butanol claim 1 , 2-propanol claim 1 , 2-methyl-2-propanol claim 1 , 2-ethyl-1-hexanol claim 1 , phenol claim 1 , cyclohexanol claim 1 , trimethylolpropane oxetane claim 1 , trimethylolpropane diallyl ether.3. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the hydrocarbyl alcohol contains 1 to 100 hydroxy groups claim 1 , preferably 1 to 10 hydroxy groups and is selected from the group consisting of 1 claim 1 ,4-butanediol claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,5-pentanediol claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,6-hexanediol claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,10-decanediol claim 1 , 1-octadecanol claim 1 , oleyl alcohol claim 1 , 1-hexadecanol claim 1 , carbohydrates and polysaccharides claim 1 , poly(vinyl-alcohols) claim 1 , polyethylene glycols claim 1 , lignin claim 1 , fatty alcohols claim 1 , etc.4. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the amine is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic primary and secondary amines claim 1 , anilines and polyamines containing 1 to 500 amino groups claim 1 , preferably 1 to 10 amino groups.5. The process according to claim 1 , characterized ...

Phosphonic acid catalyst in dehydrative cyclization of 5 and 6 carbon polyols with improved color and product accountability

A process for preparing cyclic dehydration products from sugar alcohols is described. The process involve using a mixed-acid catalyst reaction mixture containing a reducing acid, having a pKa of about 1.0-1.5, and at least a strong Brønsted acid or a Lewis acid, having a pKa≦0, or both acids in a solution to dehydrate and ring close said sugar alcohol. Synergistically, the mixed-acid catalysis can produce greater amounts of the desired product at similar levels of compositional accountability than either of the component acid catalysts acting alone.

Process for Preparing (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-Butene

The present application is directed to processes and intermediates for preparing (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene. The present application further provides compositions prepared according to one or more of the processes described herein and methods of using the compositions. 1. A process of preparing 2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,4 ,4-hexafluoro-2-butene , comprising reacting hexachlorobutadiene with hydrofluoric acid in the presence of a transition metal catalyst , wherein greater than about 99 mole percent of the 2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,4 ,4-hexafluoro-2-butene produced is (Z)-2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,4 ,4-hexafluoro-2-butene.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is selected from a tantalum catalyst claim 1 , a niobium catalyst claim 1 , or a tantalum-niobium catalyst.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is tantalum (V) chloride.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is niobium (V) chloride or niobium (IV) chloride.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is a mixture of a tantalum catalyst and a niobium catalyst.6. The process of claim 1 , wherein a molar excess of hydrofluoric acid is used based on 1 molar equivalent of hexachlorobutadiene.7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process is performed a temperature of from about 110° C. to about 135° C.8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process comprises:i) adding the transition metal catalyst to the hydrofluoric acid to form a first mixture; andii) adding the hexachlorobutadiene to the first mixture to form a second mixture.9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the first mixture is heated to a temperature of from about 110° C. to about 140° C.10. The process of claim 9 , further comprising cooling the first mixture to a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 10° C. prior to performing step ii).11. The process of claim 10 , further comprising heating the second mixture to a temperature of from about 110° C. to ...

GRAPHITE PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS

The present invention relates primarily to methods of production of graphite from biomass, char or tar. The invention also provides novel apparatus and catalysts for the production of graphite from carbon-containing materials. In particular embodiments, the invention relates to the production of graphite by hydrothermal treatment of biomass to produce tar or hydrochar and graphitisation to produce graphite. 1. A method of producing graphite comprising heating at least one of char , tar and biomass in the presence of a catalyst to a temperature sufficient to produce graphite , wherein the catalyst catalyses the conversion of the at least one of char , tar and biomass to graphite.2. A method according to wherein the char is hydrochar.3. A method according to wherein the catalyst is impregnated into the at least one of char claim 1 , tar and biomass.4. A method according to wherein the char has been delignified prior to graphitisation.6. A method according wherein the catalyst is introduced to the char claim 1 , tar or biomass by treating the char or biomass with an aqueous solution containing the catalyst.7. A method according wherein the char claim 1 , tar or biomass is heated by electromagnetic radiation.8. A method according to wherein the method further comprises a step of removal of the catalyst from the graphite.9. A method according to wherein the concentration of the catalyst is reduced to less than 1% w/w catalyst to graphite.10. A method according to wherein hydrochar or tar is produced from biomass by hydrothermal carbonisation.11. A method according to wherein the hydrochar or tar is produced by heating the biomass and aqueous solution under pressure to a temperature and pressure sufficient to produce hydrochar.12. A method according to wherein the catalyst is introduced to the biomass and aqueous solution prior to or during hydrothermal carbonisation.13. A method according to wherein the catalyst is introduced to the char claim 1 , tar or hydrochar after ...

Processes for Producing Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Methods for Recovering Polyvalent Antimony Catalysts Therefrom

The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, as well as methods for recovering polyvalent antimony compounds from such processes.

COATED OPTICAL FIBRES HAVING IMPROVED FEATURES

A waveguide for high efficiency transmission of high energy light useful in ablation procedures at predetermined bandwidths over predetermined distances comprising: an optical fiber core; a silanization agent; layered cladding surrounding the optical fiber core comprising: a first thin metal layer comprising at least two types of metals the first thin metal layer covalently bonded to the core and a second thin metal layer bonded to the second metal layer, and a catalyst component; wherein the silanization agent comprising organofunctional alkoxysilane molecule, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), is a self supporting bridge between the surface of the optical fiber and the first metal layer; the first metal layer is uniformly chemisorbed onto the surface of the optical fiber by means of covalent Si—O—Si bonds with the optical fiber; further wherein the catalyst component derived from an activation solution for enhancing the layered cladding upon the optical fiber. 157-. (canceled)58. A waveguide for high efficiency transmission of high energy light for ablation procedures at predetermined bandwidths over predetermined distances , comprising:a. an optical fibre core;b. an alkoxysilane bridge derived from 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane, immobilized onto the optical fibre core via covalent Si—O—Si bonds with said optical fibre core, and capable of binding metals with its amino functional group; and i. a first thin metal layer comprising at least two types of metals, said first thin metal layer of up to 3 microns in thickness bound to said core; and', 'ii. a second thin metal layer of up to 3 microns in thickness bound to said first metal layer;, 'c. a metal-layered cladding bound to the alkoxysilane bridge, thereby coating said optical fibre core with metals, said metal-layered cladding comprisingwherein (i) said layered cladding has a thickness between 0.25 to about 5 micron, and (ii) said waveguide has a bending radius in a range of 8 mm to 12 mm without ...

NATURAL GAS CONVERSION TO CHEMICALS AND POWER WITH MOLTEN SALTS

A reaction process comprises feeding a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon into a vessel, reacting the feed stream in the vessel, producing solid carbon and a gas phase product based on the contacting of the feed stream with the molten salt mixture, separating the gas phase product from the molten salt mixture, and separating the solid carbon from the molten salt mixture to produce a solid carbon product. The vessel comprises a molten salt mixture, and the molten salt mixture comprises a reactive component. 1. A reaction process comprising:feeding a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon into a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises a molten salt mixture and a reactive component;reacting the feed stream in the vessel;producing reaction products comprising solid carbon and a gas phase product based on the reacting of the feed stream;contacting the reaction products with the molten salt mixture;separating the gas phase product from the molten salt mixture; andseparating the solid carbon from the molten salt mixture to produce a solid carbon product.2. The reaction process of claim 1 , wherein the solid carbon is solvated claim 1 , carried claim 1 , or entrained in the molten salt mixture.3. The reaction process of claim 1 , further comprising:exchanging heat with the feed stream and molten salt mixture within the vessel using the molten salt mixture as a thermal fluid.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream is bubbled through the molten salt mixture claim 1 , and wherein the method further comprises:passing the solid carbon and the molten salt mixture out of the vessel based on bubbling the feed stream through the molten salt mixture; andwherein separating the solid carbon from the molten salt mixture occurs after the solid carbon and the molten salt mixture passes out of the vessel.5. The process of claim 4 , wherein separating the solid carbon from the molten salt mixture comprises at least one of:passing the solid carbon and the molten salt mixture over a ...

Process for Preparing Fluorobenzene and Catalyst Therefore

The invention relates to process for the manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, in a vapor-phase fluorination process. The process of the invention, for example, can comprise a batch or continuous manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, using hydrogen fluoride (HF) in gas phase as fluorination gas. Also, in this process of the invention, for example, fluorination catalysts are involved. 1. A process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene , preferably monofluorobenzene , in a vapor-phase fluorination process comprising the steps of:a) provision of a chlorinated benzene as starting compound;b) provision of a fluorination gas consisting of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF);c) provision of a fluorination catalyst, optionally of an activated and/or reactivated, and/or of a pre-fluorinated fluorination catalyst;d) provision of a reactor or reactor system, resistant to hydrogen fluoride (HF), and comprising a vaporizer for the starting compound of a), and a condenser for the vapor-phase fluorination reaction product, and a reservoir for collecting the fluorination reaction product;e) at least one vapor-phase reaction stage comprising reacting of a) a vaporized chlorinated benzene with b) anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) in gas phase in the presence of c) the fluorination catalyst, so as to produce a vapor-phase fluorination reaction product;f) withdrawing the vapor-phase fluorination reaction product formed in the vapor-phase reaction step e) from the reactor or reactor system of d), and transferring the vapor-phase fluorination reaction product to the condenser and condensing for collecting the condensed fluorination reaction product; andg) hydrolysing the fluorination reaction product obtained and collected according to f), in water, to obtain a fluorinated benzene, preferably monofluorobenzene; andh) phase separation of the organic phase of fluorinated benzene, preferably ...

SILICA AEROGEL BLANKET FOR ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME, AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SAME

The present invention relates to a silica aerogel blanket for ultra-high temperature, a method for producing the same, and a method for constructing the same. More specifically, the present invention provides a method for producing a silica aerogel blanket, the method capable of suppressing the generation of a bad odor during construction by including a step of heat treatment after producing a hydrophobic silica aerogel blanket so as to remove a volatile organic compound (VOC), a silica aerogel blanket produced thereby, and a method for constructing a silica aerogel blanket for ultra-high temperature, the method capable of suppressing the generation of a bad odor during the construction of the silica aerogel blanket produced by the above-mentioned production method on an ultra-high temperature piping equipment, and at the same time, preventing the loss of heat insulation performance due to moisture in the air. 1. A method for producing a silica aerogel blanket , the method comprising the steps of:1) preparing a silica sol by mixing a silica precursor, alcohol, and an acidic aqueous solution;2) producing a silica gel composite by adding a basic catalyst to the silica sol, and then depositing the silica sol added with the basic catalyst in a base material for blanket;3) producing a hydrophobic silica aerogel by aging, surface modifying, and drying the silica gel composite; and4) heat treating the hydrophobic silica aerogel.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic aqueous solution of Step 1) comprises one or more kinds of acid catalysts selected from the group consisting of nitric acid claim 1 , hydrochloric acid claim 1 , acetic acid claim 1 , sulfuric acid claim 1 , and hydrofluoric acid.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the basic catalyst of Step 2) comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide (NHOH) claim 1 , tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) claim 1 , tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH) claim 1 , tetrapropylammonium ...

CARBON-BASED MAGNESIUM-CONTAINING COMPOSITE MATERIAL AND SYNTHETIC METHOD THEREFOR

A carbonaceous material, based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material, contains 1-99 wt % of a carbon element, 0.2-60 wt % of a magnesium element, 0.5-60 wt % of an oxygen element and 0.1-40 wt % of a chlorine element. The process for preparing the carbonaceous materia1 include (1) Mixing a solid carbon source, a precursor and water to produce a mixture; wherein said precursor contains a magnesium source and a chlorine source; (2) Drying the resulting mixture obtained in Step (1) to produce a dried mixture; and (3) Calcining the dried mixture obtained in Step (2). The carbonaceous material can be used in catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons. 1. A carbonaceous material , wherein based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material , the carbonaceous material contains 1-99 wt % of a carbon element , 0.2-60 wt % of a magnesium element , 0.5-60 wt % of an oxygen element and 0.1-40 wt % of a chlorine element; and in the XPS spectrum of the carbonaceous material , the binding energy characteristic peak of the 2 p electron of magnesium is located at >50.3 eV.2. The carbonaceous material according to claim 1 , wherein based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material claim 1 , the carbonaceous material contains 10-90 wt % of a carbon element claim 1 , 2-50 wt % of a magnesium element claim 1 , 2-50 wt % of an oxygen element and 1-30 wt % of a chlorine element.3. The carbonaceous material according to claim 2 , wherein based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material claim 2 , the carbonaceous material contains 20-80 wt % of a carbon element claim 2 , 5-30 wt % of a magnesium element claim 2 , 5-40 wt % of an oxygen element and 2-20 wt % of a chlorine element.4. The carbonaceous material according to claim 3 , wherein based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material claim 3 , the carbonaceous material contains 25-41 wt % of a carbon element claim 3 , 20-30 wt % of a magnesium element claim 3 , 19-40 wt % of an oxygen element and 4-20 wt % of a ...

Acidic Aromatization Catalyst with Improved Activity and Stability

Methods for producing supported catalysts containing a transition metal and a bound zeolite base are disclosed. These methods employ a step of impregnating the bound zeolite base with the transition metal, fluorine, and high loadings of chlorine. The resultant high chlorine content supported catalysts have improved catalyst activity in aromatization reactions. 1. A supported catalyst comprising:a bound zeolite base;from about 0.3 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of a transition metal;from about 1.8 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of chlorine; andfrom about 0.4 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. % of fluorine, based on the total weight of the supported catalyst;wherein the supported catalyst is characterized by a peak reduction temperature on a Temperature Programmed Reduction curve in a range from about 580° F. to about 800° F.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the bound zeolite base comprises from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of a binder claim 1 , based on the total weight of the bound zeolite base.3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein:the bound zeolite base comprises a silica-bound K/L-zeolite;the transition metal comprises platinum; anda weight ratio of chlorine:fluorine is in a range from about 2:1 to about 5:1.4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the supported catalyst comprises:from about 0.5 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of platinum;from about 2.2 wt. % to about 3.4 wt. % of chlorine; andfrom about 0.5 wt. % to about 1.1 wt. % of fluorine.5. The catalyst of claim 4 , wherein the supported catalyst is characterized by a peak reduction temperature on a Temperature Programmed Reduction curve in a range from about 600° F. to about 720° F.6. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the supported catalyst has a total nitrogen content that is greater than that of a catalyst having from 0.3 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % chlorine claim 1 , under the same catalyst preparation conditions.7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the supported catalyst is characterized by a Temperature Programmed Reduction curve comprising a ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE

The present invention relates, at least in part, to a process for making chlorotrifluoroethylene (CFO-1113) from 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a). In certain aspects, the process includes dehydrochlorinating 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a) in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides; (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides; (iii) one or more zero-valent metals or metal alloys; (iv) combinations thereof. 1. A process for producing chlorotrifluoroethylene (CFO-1113) comprising: dehydrochlorinating 1 ,2-dichloro-1 ,1 ,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a) in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides; (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides; (iii) one or more zero-valent metals or metal alloys; (iv) combinations thereof to produce a reaction product comprising CFO-1113.2. The process of wherein the conversion of HCFC-123a is at least about 5 wt. % claim 1 , the selectivity to chlorotrifluoroethylene is at least about 70 wt. % claim 1 , and said reaction product comprises less than about 10 wt. % of CFO-1112.3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. The process of wherein a substantial portion of the dehydrochlorinating step is carried out at a temperature of from about 480° C. to about 550° C.7. The process of wherein catalyst comprises a mono-valent metal halide claim 1 , a bi-valent metal halide claim 1 , a tri-valent metal halide claim 1 , or a combination thereof.8. The process of wherein catalyst comprises a mono-valent metal halide claim 1 , a bi-valent metal halide or a combination thereof.9. The process of wherein the catalyst comprises at least one metal halide wherein the component metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Mg claim 1 , Ca claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Li claim 1 , Na claim 1 , K claim 1 , and Cs claim 1 , and the component halogen is selected from the group ...

LIQUID PHASE PROCESS FOR PREPARING (E)-1,1,1,4,4,4-HEXAFLUOROBUT-2-ENE

Disclosed herein are methods of producing E-CFCH═CHCFin a liquid phase. Also disclosed are methods of preparing CFCHCHClCFand CFCHClCHCCl. 1. A process for preparing E-CFCH═CHCF , comprising:{'sub': 3', '2', '3', '3', '3, 'treating CFCHCHClCFwith an effective amount of a base to form a mixture comprising the E-CFCH═CHCF,'}wherein the process is a liquid phase process.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises one or more of hexafluoroisobutylene (1336mt) claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobutane (356mff) claim 1 , (E)-1-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-pentafluorobut-2-ene (1335lzz) claim 1 , and Z—CFCH═CHCF.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide claim 1 , lithium oxide claim 1 , sodium hydroxide claim 1 , sodium oxide claim 1 , potassium hydroxide claim 1 , potassium oxide claim 1 , rubidium hydroxide claim 1 , rubidium oxide claim 1 , cesium hydroxide claim 1 , cesium oxide claim 1 , calcium hydroxide claim 1 , calcium oxide claim 1 , strontium hydroxide claim 1 , strontium oxide claim 1 , barium hydroxide claim 1 , and barium oxide.4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the base is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the base is in an aqueous solution of from about 4 M to about 12 M.6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process is performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt claim 1 , a heterocyclic ammonium salt claim 1 , an organic phosphonium salt claim 1 , and a nonionic compound.7. The process of claim 6 , wherein the phase transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of benzyltrimethylammonium chloride claim 6 , benzyltriethylammonium chloride claim 6 , methyltricaprylammonium chloride claim 6 , methyltributylammonium chloride claim 6 , methyltrioctylammonium chloride claim 6 , ...

Methods for producing 5-(halomethyl)furfural

The present disclosure provides methods to produce 5-(halomethyl)furfural, including 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, by acid-catalyzed conversion of C6 saccharides, including isomers thereof, polymers thereof, and certain derivatives thereof. The methods make use of acids with lower concentrations, and allows for conversion of sugars into 5-(halomethyl)furfural at higher temperatures and faster reaction or residence times.

Use of Novel catalyst and method for treating PCB inked polymer waste by the novel catalyst

A novel catalyst, a use thereof and a method for treating PCB inked waste by using the same are disclosed. The catalyst of the present disclosure is represented by the following formula (I): 1. A catalyst , representing by the following formula (I):{'br': None, 'sub': 'a', 'sup': m+', 'n−, '[M(O)]X\u2003\u2003(I)'}wherein M is an element of Group IB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB or Group VIIIB;{'sub': 2', 'n', '3', '12', '25', '2', '6', '4', '2', 'n', '4', '3', '2', '25, 'X is Cl, Br, I, OAc, OC(O)(CF)CF, OC(O)CH, [(OSOCH-CHCH)], OTf, OTs, SO, SOC Hor acetylacetonate (acac);'}a is an integral of 0 to 3;m is an integral of 2 to 4; andn is an integral of 1 or 2.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein a is 0 claim 1 , and M is Ti claim 1 , Zr claim 1 , Hf claim 1 , V claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Cu or Mn.3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein M(O)is VO claim 1 , VO claim 1 , ZrO claim 1 , HfO claim 1 , WO claim 1 , MoO claim 1 , CrOor ReO.4. A use of a catalyst for degrading inks or acylating or recycling polymers claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is representing by the following formula (I):{'br': None, 'sub': 'a', 'sup': m+', 'n−, '[M(O)]X\u2003\u2003(I)'}wherein M is an element of Group IB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB or Group VIIIB;{'sub': 2', 'n', '3', '12', '25', '2', '6', '4', '2', 'n', '4', '3', '12', '25, 'X is Cl, Br, I, OAc, OC(O)(CF)CF, OC(O)CH, [(OSOCH-CHCH)], OTf, OTs, SO, SOCHor acetylacetonate (acac);'}a is an integral of 0 to 3;m is an integral of 2 to 4; andn is an integral of 1 or 2.5. A method for treating a PCB inked polymer waste claim 1 , comprising the following steps: {'br': None, 'sub': 'a', 'sup': m+', 'n−, '[M(O)]X\u2003\u2003(I)'}, 'mixing a PCB inked polymer waste, a catalyst representing by the following formula (I), a reagent and a first solvent to obtain a mixturewherein M is an element of Group IB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB or Group VIIIB;{'sub': 2', 'n', '3', '12', '25', '2', '6', '4', '2', 'n', '4', '3 ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE

The present invention relates, in part, to the discovery that, during the fluorination of certain fluoroolefin starting reagents, oligomerization/polymerization of such reagents reduces the conversion process and leads to increased catalyst deactivation. The present invention also illustrates that vaporizing such starting reagents in the presence of one or more organic co-feed reduces such oligomerization/polymerization and improves catalytic stability. 2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula I comprises 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-tetrachloropropene (1230xa); the compound of Formula II comprises 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrachloropropene (1230xf); and the compound of Formula III comprises 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-pentachloropropane (240db).3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least one or more organic compounds are present in an amount ranging from 1 to 50 wt %.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the at least one or more organic compounds are present in an amount ranging from 3 to 30 wt %.5. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the at least one or more organic compounds are present in an amount ranging from 5 to 15 wt %.6. A composition comprising:(i) 2,3-dichloro-3,3-difluoropropene (1233xf); and(ii) at least one or more organic compounds selected from 1,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1223xd), trichlorofluoropropene (1231) isomers, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (244bb) and unreacted 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene (1230xa), 2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropene (1230xf) and 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane (240db).7. The composition of further comprising HCl.8. The composition of further comprising HF. The present invention relates to a process for preparing fluorinated organic compounds, more particularly to a process for preparing fluorinated olefins, and even more particularly to a process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf).Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), such as ...

Methods of Preparing an Aromatization Catalyst

Catalysts and method of preparing the catalysts are disclosed. One of the catalysts includes a zeolite support, a Group VIII metal on the zeolite support, and at least two halides bound to the zeolite support, to the Group VIII metal, or to both, and can have an average crush strength greater than 11.25 lb based on at least two samples of pellets of the catalyst measured in accordance with ASTM D4179.

Acidic aromatization catalysts with improved activity and selectivity

Methods for producing supported catalysts containing a transition metal and a bound zeolite base are disclosed. These methods employ a step of impregnating the bound zeolite base with the transition metal, fluorine, and high loadings of chlorine. The resultant high chlorine content supported catalysts have improved catalyst activity in aromatization reactions.

Method for regenerating a toxified catalyst containing ruthenium or ruthenium compounds

A process is described for regenerating a catalyst comprising ruthenium or ruthenium compounds, which has been poisoned by sulfur compounds, in which the catalyst, optionally at elevated temperature, is subjected to treatment with a hydrogen halide, particularly a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride, under non-oxidative conditions and additionally, optionally at reduced temperature, to an at least two-stage oxidative post-treatment.

METHOD FOR PREPARING A HYDROGEL COMPRISING SILICO-METALLIC MINERAL PARTICLES AND HYDROGEL

A method for preparing a novel hydrogel including silico-metallic mineral particles of the formula (Si(Si-A))MO.n′HO, in which: x is a real number in the range [0.75; 1], A denotes a group selected from methyl and hydrocarbon groups including at least one heteroatom, and M is a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, cobalt, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, nickel and chromium, wherein a coprecipitation reaction is carried out in an aqueous medium between: at least one metal salt of the metal M, sodium metasilicate, NaOSiO, and at least one water-soluble oxysilane of formula (I): 3. The method as claimed in wherein claim 1 , in formula (I) claim 1 , A is selected from methyl and hydrocarbon groups of the formula Y—[CH]— claim 1 , in which:Y is a group comprising at least one nitrogen atom, andn is an integer between 3 and 11.6. The method as claimed in wherein said metal salt claim 1 , said sodium metasilicate and said oxysilane are brought together in such a way that the atomic ratio between the metal M and the silicon is substantially equal to 0.75.7. The method as claimed in wherein the molar ratio between said oxysilane and said sodium metasilicate is between 0.10 and 0.34.8. The method as claimed in wherein said metal salt is selected from metal chlorides of the formula MCand metal acetates of the formula M(CHCOO).9. The method as claimed in wherein at least one acid selected from hydrochloric acid and acetic acid is added to the coprecipitation reaction medium claim 1 , the total number of moles of chloride ions and acetate ions being equal to the number of moles of sodium claim 1 , Na claim 1 , in said coprecipitation reaction medium.10. The method as claimed in wherein the anion X is at least partially exchanged with at least one anionic species selected from a bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide anion claim 4 , a trifluoromethanesulfonate anion claim 4 , a hexafluorophosphate anion claim 4 , a tetrafluoroborate anion claim 4 , a tetrachloroaluminate ...

Gold-based catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination

Powder catalysts that comprise particles of chemical compounds of Au and Cu deposited on acid-washed carbon-based supports are effective catalysts in ethyne hydrochlorination to produce vinyl chloride monomers (VCMs). They give a high selectivity and productivity of VCM and decreased amounts of the byproducts of chloroethane, dichloroethane and others. Thiocyanates are used as complexing agents to extend the catalyst lifetime. The activity of the catalyst is enhanced by doping nitrogen atoms into the support. 1. A chemical composition that is a catalyst of acetylene hydrochlorination comprising a catalyst support on which is deposited the chemical compounds of Au and at least one other metal from the group consisting of Cu , K , Na , Mg , Ce and La , wherein the amount of Au is not more than 0.50 wt %.2. The chemical composition of wherein the catalyst support is activated carbon or carbon nanotubes.3. The chemical composition of wherein the catalyst support comprises carbon nanotubes from at least one in the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes claim 1 , multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.4. The chemical composition of wherein the amount of Au is between 0.1 and 0.5 wt %.5. The chemical composition of wherein the chemical compounds comprise metal thiocyanates and metal chlorides.6. The chemical composition of wherein the metals other than Au are at least one metal from the group consisting of Cu claim 1 , K claim 1 , Na claim 1 , Mg claim 1 , Ce and La claim 1 , and the combined metal contents are between 0.1 and 5.0 wt %.7. The chemical composition of wherein the chemical compounds are a mixture of metal thiocyanates and metal chlorides.8. The chemical composition of wherein one of the metals other than Au is K claim 1 , the Au content is between 0.1 and 0.5 wt % claim 1 , and the K content is between 0.1 and 5.0 wt %.9. The chemical composition of wherein the metals other than Au are at least one metal from the group ...

Acidic Aromatization Catalyst with Improved Activity and Stability

Methods for producing supported catalysts containing a transition metal and a bound zeolite base are disclosed. These methods employ a step of impregnating the bound zeolite base with the transition metal, fluorine, and high loadings of chlorine. The resultant high chlorine content supported catalysts have improved catalyst activity in aromatization reactions. 116-. (canceled)17. A method of producing a supported catalyst , the method comprising:(a) impregnating a bound zeolite base with a transition metal precursor, a chlorine precursor, and a fluorine precursor to form an impregnated zeolite base; and(b) drying and then calcining the impregnated zeolite base to produce the supported catalyst; wherein the supported catalyst comprises, based on the total weight of the supported catalyst:from about 0.3 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of a transition metal;from about 1.8 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of chlorine; andfrom about 0.4 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. % of fluorine; andwherein the supported catalyst is characterized by a peak reduction temperature on a Temperature Programmed Reduction curve in a range from about 580° F. to about 800° F.18. The method of claim 17 , wherein impregnating the bound zeolite base with the transition metal precursor claim 17 , the chlorine precursor claim 17 , and the fluorine precursor comprises mixing the bound zeolite base with an aqueous solution comprising the transition metal precursor claim 17 , the chlorine precursor claim 17 , and the fluorine precursor.19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the method further comprises a reducing step after the drying and calcining of the impregnated zeolite base claim 17 , the reducing step comprising contacting the supported catalyst with a reducing gas stream to produce an activated catalyst.20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the activated catalyst comprises from about 0.2 wt. % to about 1.3 wt. % of chlorine claim 19 , based on the total weight of the activated catalyst.21. An activated aromatization ...

METHODS FOR PRODUCING 5-(HALOMETHYL)FURFURAL

The present disclosure provides methods to produce 5-(halomethyl)furfural, including 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, by acid-catalyzed conversion of C6 saccharides, including isomers thereof, polymers thereof, and certain derivatives thereof. The methods make use of acids with lower concentrations, and allows for conversion of sugars into 5-(halomethyl)furfural at higher temperatures and faster reaction or residence times. 141-. (canceled)42. A method for producing 5-(halomethyl)furfural , comprising: combining feedstock , acid , and salt to produce 5-(halomethyl)furfural , wherein:the feedstock comprises glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, inulin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulosic oligomers, or cellobiose, or any combinations thereof;the acid comprises halogen-containing mineral acid or halogen-containing organic acid, or any combinations thereof;{'sup': '+', 'the acid is continuously added at a rate to maintain an average [H] greater than 0 M and less than 12 M; and'}the salt comprises inorganic salt or organic salt, or any combinations thereof.43. The method of claim 42 , wherein the acid comprises halogen-containing mineral acid.44. The method of claim 42 , wherein the acid comprises HCl claim 42 , HBr claim 42 , or a combination thereof.45. The method of claim 44 , wherein the acid comprises HCl.46. The method of claim 44 , wherein the acid comprises HCl and HBr.47. The method of claim 42 , wherein the salt comprises inorganic salt.48. The method of claim 42 , wherein the salt comprises lithium salt claim 42 , sodium salt claim 42 , potassium salt claim 42 , rubidium salt claim 42 , cesium salt claim 42 , magnesium salt claim 42 , or calcium salt claim 42 , or any combinations thereof.49. The method of claim 42 , wherein the salt comprises lithium salt or calcium salt claim 42 , or any combinations thereof.50. The method of claim 42 , wherein the salt comprises LiCl.51. The method of claim 42 , wherein the salt comprises LiCl and LiBr.52. The method of claim 42 , ...

VISIBLE LIGHT RESPONSE CATALYST STRUCTURE AND PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A visible light response photocatalyst structure and a process for manufacturing the same are disclosed, where the structure is manufactured by the GRR for two times, so that the structure has a large surface area, high surface activity, being apt to get integrated with a silicon substrate and endurable to the environment, and further has the rapid and simple manufacturing characteristics without any additional energy required and has a high reproductively. 1. A light visible response photocatalyst structure , comprising:a silicon substrate;a silver nano-layer, growing on a surface of the silicon substrate through a first galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) and having a solid dendritic shape after experiencing the first GRR;a precious metal layer, growing on a surface of the silver nano-layer through a second GRR; anda silver chloride layer, growing on a surface of the precious metal layer through the second GRR,wherein, the silver-nano-layer has a hollow dendritic shape after experiencing the second GRR.2. The light visible response photocatalyst structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first GRR is a fluorine ions assisted GRR claim 1 , so that the silver nano-layer grows on the surface of the silicon substrate.3. The light visible response photocatalyst structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the precious metal layer which growing on the surface of the silver nano-layer through the second GRR has a precious metal material portion comprising gold (Au) claim 1 , palladium (Pd) claim 1 , and platinum (Pt).4. The light visible response photocatalyst structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first GRR has a reaction equation: Si+4Ag+6HF→4Ag+HSiF+4H.5. The light visible response photocatalyst structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second GRR has a reaction equation: 4Ag+(PtCl)→Pt+4AgCl+2Cl.6. The light visible response photocatalyst structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second GRR has a reaction equation: 4Ag+HAuCl→Au+4AgCl+1/2H.7. The light ...

PHOTOCATALYTIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE

A photocatalytic composition is disclosed that includes a silver halide in combination with one or more rare earth elements. The composition may be used for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. 1. A composition comprising a silver halide combined with one or more rare earth elements selected from the group consisting of Sc , Y , La , Ce , Pm , Sm , Eu , Gd , Dy , Ho , Tm , Yb , and Lu.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition has activity as a UV or a visible light photocatalyst.3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the silver halide is doped with any of the elements selected from the group of Ce claim 1 , Sm claim 1 , and Eu.6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the elements have a wt. % of about 1 to about 5%.7. (canceled)8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a cycle life of the composition is at least about 20% greater than a cycle life of the silver halide without the rare earth element(s).9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a cycle life of the composition is at least about 6 cycles.10. (canceled)11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the light trapping property of the composition is about 5% to about 15% greater than the light trapping property of the silver halide without the rare earth element(s).12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a separation of photo-generated electron-holes of the composition is greater than a separation of photo-generated electron-holes of the silver halide without the rare earth element(s).13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a separation of photo-generated electron-holes of the composition is about 5% to about 15% greater than a separation of photo-generated electron-holes of the silver halide without the rare earth element(s).14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a degradation efficiency of at least about 70%.15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silver halide is about 0.01% to about 10%.1630 ...

NANOSTRUCTURED AMORPHOUS BORON MATERIAL

A nanostructured material consisting essentially of boron. The material is in amorphous form and comprising aggregates of boron nanoparticles. A method of preparation thereof and the uses thereof. 1. Nanostructured material consisting essentially of boron , wherein said material is in amorphous form and that it comprises aggregates of boron nanoparticles with a size less than or equal to 25 nm.2. Material according to claim 1 , wherein said material consists of at least 85 mol % of boron claim 1 , the remainder being inevitable impurities resulting from the method for producing said material and/or from its oxidation and/or from the equipment used in the production process.3. Material according to claim 2 , wherein the inevitable impurities resulting from the method for producing said material are one or more of the following elements: Li claim 2 , Na claim 2 , K claim 2 , Rb claim 2 , Cs claim 2 , I claim 2 , Cl claim 2 , Br claim 2 , F.4. Material according to claim 2 , wherein the inevitable impurities comprise at most 5 mol % of oxygen.5. Material according to claim 1 , wherein said material has a specific surface area Sof at least 500 m/g claim 1 , said specific surface area Sbeing calculated by the BET method.6. Material according to claim 1 , wherein said material has a density in the range from 1.1 to 2.3 claim 1 , said density being measured with a helium pycnometer.7. Method for preparing a nanostructured material consisting essentially of boron as per claim 1 , wherein said method comprises at least one step i) of heating claim 1 , under an inert atmosphere claim 1 , of a mixture comprising at least one boron hydride and at least one inorganic salt claim 1 , step i) being carried out at a temperature Tsufficient to decompose said boron hydride and for said salt to be at least partially in the molten state claim 1 , and in that it further comprises:a step ii) of cooling the mixture obtained at the end of step i), anda step iii) of purification of the ...

PROCESS FOR THE DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF A CHLOROALKANE

A process for the production of a chloroalkene that includes contacting a liquid phase chloroalkane with a solid catalyst, a catalyst deposited on a solid substrate, or combinations thereof, thereby causing the dehydrochlorination of the chloroalkane to produce a chloroalkene product and HCl. Processes for the production of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene and 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane are further provided. 1. A process for the production of a chloroalkene comprising:contacting a liquid phase first chloroalkane with a solid catalyst, a catalyst deposited on a solid substrate, or combinations thereof, and thereby causing dehydrochlorination of the first chloroalkane to produce a first chloroalkene product and HCl.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises a metal chloride deposited on a substrate comprising carbon claim 1 , alumina claim 1 , silica claim 1 , titania claim 1 , an aluminosilicate claim 1 , a zeolite claim 1 , or combinations thereof.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises a reduced (zero-valence) metal deposited on a substrate comprising carbon claim 1 , alumina claim 1 , silica claim 1 , titania claim 1 , an aluminosilicate claim 1 , a zeolite claim 1 , or combinations thereof.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first chloroalkane comprises a chloropropane.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first chloroalkane comprises 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3-tetrachloropropane and the first chloroalkene product comprises 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3-trichloropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trichloropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-trichloropropene claim 1 , or mixtures thereof.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises ZnCl claim 1 , FeCl claim 1 , CuCl claim 1 , or combinations thereof claim 1 , deposited on a carbon substrate.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid catalyst claim 1 , a catalyst deposited on a solid ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING ALKYNYL PYRIDINE PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITOR

Provided is a method for preparing an alkynyl pyridine prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. In particular, the method involved uses 3-substituted-5-bromopyridine-2-carboxylic acid protected by different protection groups as raw materials, and by means of condensation, Sonogashira coupling and deprotection, the target compound is obtained. The process reaction conditions are simple, and have no harsh reaction conditions, strong operability, and stable amplification. 2. The method according to claim 1 , that wherein the palladium catalyst is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pd(dba) claim 1 , Pd(dba) claim 1 , Pd(OAc) claim 1 , Pd(tfa) claim 1 , Pd(Piv) claim 1 , Pd(OTf) claim 1 , Pd(PPh) claim 1 , PdCl claim 1 , Pd(PPh)Cland Pd(dppf)Cl; the copper catalyst is at least one selected from the group consisting of CuI claim 1 , CuBr claim 1 , CuCl and CuF; and the alkali is at least one selected from the group consisting of triethylamine claim 1 , trimethylamine and diisopropylethylamine.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the palladium catalyst to the compound of formula (IV) is 0.001:1 to 1:1; and the molar ratio of the copper catalyst to the palladium catalyst is 10:1 to 1:10.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran claim 1 , 2-methyltetrahydrofuran claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,4-dioxane claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N-dimethylformamide claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N-dimethylacetamide claim 1 , N-methylpyrrolidone claim 1 , dimethyl sulfoxide claim 1 , hexamethylphosphoramide and 1 claim 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolinone.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the reaction auxiliary is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium chloride claim 6 , stannous chloride claim 6 , stannic chloride claim 6 , cerium trichloride claim 6 , antimony pentachloride claim 6 , ferric chloride claim 6 , boron trifluoride ethyl ether claim 6 , boron trichloride ...

CATALYSTS AND METHODS FOR ALCOHOL DEHYDRATION

Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl ether compound through the dehydration of an aromatic alcohol compound in the presence of a dehydration catalyst. The dehydration catalyst is an oxide of a medium rare earth element, wherein the medium rare earth element is samarium, europium, gadolinium, or mixtures thereof. 1. A method for preparing a diaryl ether , the method comprising dehydrating an aromatic alcohol compound over a dehydration catalyst , wherein the dehydration catalyst is an oxide of samarium , europium , gadoliniium or mixtures thereof.2. The method of wherein the dehydration catalyst further comprises a halogen.3. The method of wherein the halogen is chloride or fluoride ion.4. The method of wherein the dehydration catalyst further comprises a binder.5. The method of wherein the dehydration catalyst is supported.6. The method of wherein the dehydration catalyst is unsupported.7. The method of wherein the dehydration of the alcohol is conducted at a temperature from 250 to 600° C.8. The method of wherein the alcohol feed is diluted with a diluent.9. The method of wherein the aromatic alcohol compound is phenol and the diaryl ether produced is diphenyl oxide.10. A method for producing a heat transfer fluid claim 1 , the method comprising:preparing a diaryl ether by contacting an aromatic alcohol compound with a dehydration catalyst, wherein the dehydration catalyst is an oxide of samarium, europium, gadoliniium or mixtures thereof;isolating the diaryl ether from the dehydration catalyst; andmixing the isolated diaryl ether with biphenyl such that the mixture forms a eutectic mixture. This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 61/694,833, filed Aug. 30, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.This invention relates generally to catalysts and methods for the dehydration of aromatic alcohol compounds to ethers. More particularly, the invention uses a dehydration catalyst comprising an oxide of a ...

METHOD OF PREPARING CATALYST FOR OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION

The present invention relates to a method of preparing a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. More particularly, the present invention provides a method of preparing a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation providing superior selectivity and yield for a conjugated diene according to oxidative dehydrogenation by constantly maintaining pH of a coprecipitation solution using a drip-type double precipitation method to adjust an α-iron oxide content in a catalyst in a predetermined range. 1. A method of preparing a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation , the method comprising:(a) a step of preparing an aqueous precursor solution by dissolving a trivalent cation iron (Fe) precursor and a divalent cation metal (A) precursor in water in a mole ratio (Fe/A) of 2 to 10;(b) a step of constantly maintaining pH of a coprecipitation solution by, when the aqueous precursor solution is fed dropwise into a coprecipitation tank in which a basic aqueous solution is prepared, feeding a basic aqueous solution identical to or different from the basic aqueous solution dropwise along with the aqueous precursor solution; and(c) a step of obtaining a coprecipitate by filtering the coprecipitation solution.2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising drying; firing; or drying and firing the coprecipitate obtained in step (c).3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the trivalent cation iron (Fe) precursor and the divalent cation metal (A) precursor of step (a) are each independently a nitrate claim 1 , an ammonium salt claim 1 , a sulfate claim 1 , or a chloride.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the divalent cation metal (A) is one or more selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu) claim 1 , radium (Ra) claim 1 , barium (Ba) claim 1 , strontium (Sr) claim 1 , calcium (Ca) claim 1 , beryllium (Be) claim 1 , zinc (Zn) claim 1 , magnesium (Mg) claim 1 , manganese (Mn) claim 1 , and cobalt (Co).5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous precursor ...

Catalytic isomerization of z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene to e-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene

A process is disclosed for (i) producing E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (E-HFO-1336mzz) from Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (Z-HFO-1336mzz), comprising the steps of (a) providing a starting material comprising Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, (b) contacting the starting material with a suitable catalyst in a reaction zone to produce E-HFO-1336mzz; and optionally, (c) recovering the E-HFO-1336mzz. The process may be performed in the gas phase or in the liquid phase and as a batch process or as a continuous process.

CATALYST AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING AROMATIC AMINES IN THE GAS PHASE

The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising a ceramic support with a BET surface area of less than 40 m/g and (a) 1.0 to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 8 to 12 of the periodic table of the elements, (b) 1.0 g to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 4 to 6 and 12 of the periodic table of the elements and (c) 1.0 g to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 14 and 15 of the periodic table of the elements per litre of bulk volume of the ceramic support, wherein the catalyst is additionally doped with (d) potassium in a content of from 0.0050% by weight to 0.20% by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The present invention also provides the use of such a catalyst in the catalytic gas phase hydrogenation of nitroaromatics. 2. Catalyst according to claim 1 , in which the ceramic support is a metal oxide claim 1 , a mixed metal oxide or a mixture of metal oxide and mixed metal oxide of the elements chosen from the group consisting of magnesium claim 1 , aluminium claim 1 , silicon claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , zirconium and titanium.4. Catalyst according to one of to claim 1 , in which the catalyst is doped with potassium (d) in the form of potassium sulfate claim 1 , potassium chloride claim 1 , potassium hydroxide claim 1 , potassium carbonate claim 1 , potassium bicarbonate claim 1 , potassium bromide claim 1 , potassium acetate claim 1 , potassium formate and/or potassium nitrate.5. Catalyst according to claim 3 , in which the catalyst is doped with potassium (d) in the form of potassium sulfate or potassium chloride.7. Process according to claim 6 , in which aniline is prepared by hydrogenation of nitrobenzene.8. Process according to or claim 6 , in which the hydrogenation is carried out isothermally in a reactor with removal of the resulting heat of reaction by a cooling medium. The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising a ceramic support with a BET surface area of less than 40 m/g and (a) 1.0 g to 100 g of at least one ...

DICHLOROMETHANE REDUCTION FROM A METHANE OXYCHLORINATION PRODUCT STREAM

A chemical reactor system includes: a feed; a methane oxychlorination catalyst, wherein a product of an oxychlorination reaction is dichloromethane; and a dichloromethane conversion catalyst, wherein the dichloromethane conversion catalyst provides a product stream having a dichloromethane selectivity less than 5%. The addition of the dichloromethane conversion catalyst to the reactor bed can decrease the amount of dichloromethane produced and increase the amount of monochloromethane produced. Accordingly, dichloromethane does not have to be separated from the product stream and the monochloromethane can then be used to produce other products, such as olefins. 1. A chemical reactor system comprising:a feed;a methane oxychlorination catalyst, wherein a product of an oxychlorination reaction is dichloromethane; anda dichloromethane conversion catalyst, wherein the dichloromethane conversion catalyst provides a product having a dichloromethane selectivity less than 5%.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the methane oxychlorination catalyst and the dichloromethane conversion catalyst are interspersed within a reactor bed.3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the dichloromethane conversion catalyst is located downstream of the methane oxychlorination catalyst within a reactor bed.4. The system according to claim 3 , further comprising an inert layer of material located between the methane oxychlorination catalyst and the dichloromethane conversion catalyst.5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the inert layer of material comprises quartz wool claim 4 , quartz chips claim 4 , silicon carbide claim 4 , silica wool claim 4 , ceramic packing claim 4 , an empty void claim 4 , or combinations thereof.6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the feed comprises methane claim 1 , hydrogen chloride claim 1 , and a source of oxygen.7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the methane oxychlorination catalyst is selected from the group consisting of ...

Processes for Producing Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Methods for Recovering Polyvalent Antimony Catalysts Therefrom

The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, as well as methods for recovering polyvalent antimony compounds from such processes. 130-. (canceled)31: A method of preparing a chlorinated alkene product by chloroalkane dehydrochlorination process , the method comprising:(a) reacting at least one chlorinated alkane in the presence of at least one polyvalent antimony catalyst in a reaction vessel, thereby forming a crude product comprising at least one chlorinated alkene product, a portion of the at least one chlorinated alkane and the at least one polyvalent antimony catalyst, the at least one chlorinated alkene product having one less chloro group (or chlorine atom) covalently bonded thereto and one less hydrogen atom covalently bonded thereto than the at least one chlorinated alkane, the at least one chlorinated alkane and the at least one chlorinated alkene product having a carbon backbone structure that is in each case the same, the at least one chlorinated alkene product having a boiling point at least about 5° C. less than the at least one chlorinated alkane; and(b) optionally converting the polyvalent antimony catalyst to trivalent antimony catalyst to form a product comprising at least one chlorinated alkene product, at least one chlorinated alkane, and at least one trivalent antimony catalyst; (i) the product of step (a) comprising at least one chlorinated alkene product, at least one chlorinated alkane, and at least one polyvalent antimony ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INHIBITING MICROBIAL GROWTH BY PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION

A system for inhibiting microbial growth by photocatalytic oxidation includes an intake having a first inlet port and a first outlet port, an air mover having a second inlet port and a second outlet port, and a filter having a third inlet port. An ultraviolet light source is disposed within the filter to promote photocatalytic oxidation of microbiological particles or other microbial growth, bioaerosols, volatile organic compounds or other particulate matter passing through the filter. The filter includes a filter body, a filter channel disposed within the filter body and having an outer surface and an inner surface. A filter media is disposed within the filter channel. A plurality of inlet ports is distributed over the inner surface and a plurality of outlet ports is distributed over the outer surface. 1. A system for inhibiting microbial growth by photocatalytic oxidation , the system comprising:an intake having a first inlet port and a first outlet port;an air mover having a second inlet port and a second outlet port;a filter having a third inlet port; andan ultraviolet light source disposed within the filter to promote photocatalytic oxidation of microbiological particles or other microbial growth, bioaerosols, volatile organic compounds or other particulate matter passing through the filter.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:a fibrous wrap disposed around the filter.3. The system of claim 1 , the filter comprising:a filter body;a filter channel disposed within the filter body having an outer surface and an inner surface;a filter media disposed within the filter channel;a plurality of inlet ports distributed over the inner surface; anda plurality of outlet ports distributed over the outer surface.4. The system of claim 3 , the filter media comprising:an activated charcoal filter.5. The system of claim 3 , the filter media comprising:Himalayan salt.6. The system of claim 3 , the filter media comprising:an activated charcoal filter treated with an ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARING 3,3,3-TRIFLUOROPROP-1-ENE

The present application provides a process of preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, comprising reacting 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane with a base in an aqueous solvent component in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. 1. A composition comprising:i) 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (254fb); andii) 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (1243zf)2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises 2-chloro-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene (1233xf).3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises 3-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1-trifluoropropane (253fb)4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1-trifluoro-2 claim 1 ,3-dichloropropane (243db).5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a catalyst.6. The composition of further comprising 1233xf.7. The composition of further comprising 244bb.8. A composition comprising:i) 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (254fb);ii) 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (1243zf); andiii) at least one member selected from the group consisting of 243db, 1233xf and 244bb. This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/749,857, filed Jan. 22, 2020, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/917,376, filed Mar. 9, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,577,295 on Mar. 3, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/469,668, filed Mar. 10, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.The application relates to the preparation of 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene from 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane in the presence of a base (e.g., an aqueous base) in an aqueous solvent component. The processes provided herein are conducted in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), having low ozone depletion potential and low global warming potentials, are regarded as candidates for replacing saturated CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and ...

Novel method for fluorinating chloroalkanes

The disclosure relates to a method for fluorinating an alkane substrate comprising contacting said alkane substrate with a fluoroalkane in the presence of a fluorination catalyst selected from chrome oxide, fluorinated chrome oxide, aluminum oxide and fluorinated aluminum oxide at elevated temperatures.

CONDUCTIVE POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF

A rubber composition comprising a plurality of composite particles and an elastomer is provided. A composite comprising a conductive polymer and a clay particle are also provided. Use of each in various applications and methods of preparing each are also provided. 132-. (canceled)33. A composite comprising a conductive polymer and a clay particle comprising laponite , wherein the conductive polymer is in contact with a surface of the clay particle.34. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the clay further comprises a kaolin claim 33 , smectite claim 33 , illite claim 33 , chlorite claim 33 , sepiolite claim 33 , attapulgite or combinations thereof.35. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the clay further comprises baileychlore claim 33 , chamosite claim 33 , clinochlore claim 33 , cookeite claim 33 , donbassite claim 33 , gonyerite claim 33 , nimite claim 33 , odinite claim 33 , orthochamosite claim 33 , pennatite claim 33 , ripidolite claim 33 , suoitelaponite claim 33 , hectorite claim 33 , saponite claim 33 , or bentonite.36. (canceled)37. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the conductive polymer comprises polyaniline claim 33 , polypyrrole claim 33 , polythiophene claim 33 , polyacetylene claim 33 , polyphenylene claim 33 , polyvinylene claim 33 , poly(p-phenylene vinylene) claim 33 , polyphenylene sulfide claim 33 , polycarbazole claim 33 , polyindole claim 33 , polyazepine claim 33 , polyfluorene claim 33 , polyphynylene claim 33 , polypyrene claim 33 , polyazulene claim 33 , polynaphthalene or combinations thereof.38. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the conductive polymer comprises polythiophene or polypyrrole.39. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the conductive polymer is poly(3 claim 33 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).40. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the conductive polymer is polypyrrole.41. The composite of claim 33 , wherein the composite comprises particles having a D(50) particle size ranging from 10 nm to 300 μm.42. The composite of claim ...

Processes for Producing Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Methods for Recovering Polyvalent Antimony Catalysts Therefrom

The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, as well as methods for recovering polyvalent antimony compounds from such processes.

Metal hydroxide based ionic liquid composition

The present disclosure envisages an ionic liquid composition comprising at least one metal hydroxide; at least one metal halide; and at least one solvent. Also envisaged is a process for preparing an ionic liquid composition. The process comprises mixing in a reaction vessel, at least one metal hydroxide and at least one metal halide in the presence of at least one solvent under a nitrogen atmosphere and continuous stirring followed by cooling under continuous stirring to obtain the ionic liquid composition.

METHODS OF DEGRADING POLYMER COMPOSITES IN AQUEOUS FLUIDS USING CATALYSTS

Methods may include contacting a degradable polymer in a wellbore traversing a subterranean formation with a treatment fluid, wherein the treatment fluid is formulated with one or more polymer degrading catalysts; and allowing the degradable polymer composite to at least partially degrade. In another aspect, methods may be directed to designing a wellbore treatment that includes determining at least one degradation characteristic for one or more degradable polymers; formulating an aqueous treatment fluid based on the determined values, wherein the aqueous treatment fluid comprises one or more polymer degrading catalysts; contacting the degradable polymer with an aqueous fluid; and allowing the degradable polymer to at least partially degrade the degradable polymer. 1. A method comprising:contacting a degradable polymer composite in a wellbore traversing a subterranean formation with a treatment fluid, wherein the treatment fluid is formulated with one or more polymer degrading catalysts; andallowing the degradable polymer composite to at least partially degrade.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more polymer degrading catalysts are one or more selected from a group consisting of: TiCl claim 1 , FeCl claim 1 , ZnCl claim 1 , ZrCl claim 1 , AlCl claim 1 , GaCl claim 1 , BCl claim 1 , ZnF claim 1 , LiCl claim 1 , MgCl claim 1 , AlF claim 1 , SnCl claim 1 , SbCl claim 1 , SbCl claim 1 , HfCl claim 1 , ReCl; ScCl claim 1 , InCl claim 1 , BiCl; NbCl claim 1 , MoCl claim 1 , MoCl claim 1 , SnCl claim 1 , TaCl claim 1 , WCl claim 1 , WCl claim 1 , ReCl claim 1 , TlCl; SiCl claim 1 , FeCl claim 1 , CoCl claim 1 , CuCl claim 1 , CuCl claim 1 , GeCl claim 1 , YCl claim 1 , OsCl claim 1 , PtCl claim 1 , RuCl claim 1 , VCl claim 1 , CrCl claim 1 , MnCl claim 1 , NiCl claim 1 , RhCl claim 1 , PdCl claim 1 , AgCl claim 1 , CdCl claim 1 , IrCl claim 1 , AuCl claim 1 , HgCl claim 1 , HgCl claim 1 , PbCl claim 1 , sodium borate claim 1 , sodium pentaborate claim 1 , and ...

Ligand compound, catalyst system for olefin oligomerization, and method for oligomerizing olefins using the same

The present invention relates to a compound represented by the chemical formula 1, a catalyst system for olefin oligomerization comprising the same, and a method for oligomerizign olefins using the same, and the catalyst system for olefin oligomerization according to the present invention has excellent catalytic activity as well as high selectivity for 1-hexene or 1-octene, thereby enabling more efficient preparation of alpha-olefins.

Method for the direct synthesis of alkylhalogenosilanes

An improved industrial method for the direct synthesis of alkylhalogenosilanes is described. Specifically, a method is described for preparing alkylhalogenosilanes by reacting, in a fluidizedbed reactor, and alkyl halogenide, preferably CH3Cl, with a solid body, which is referred to as a contact body and which includes powdered silicon and a catalytic system including at least one copper catalyst and β1 and β2 promoter activities.

Process for preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene

The present application provides a process of preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, comprising reacting 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane with a base in an aqueous solvent component in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.

SULFONIUM SALT PHOTOINITIATOR, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR, PHOTOCURABLE COMPOSITION COMPRISING SULFONIUM SALT PHOTOINITIATOR, AND USE THEREOF

The present invention provides a sulfonium salt photoinitiator, a preparation method therefor, a photocurable composition comprising sulfonium salt photoinitiator, and use thereof. The sulfonium salt photoinitiator has a structure represented by formula (I). By modifying the structure of an existing sulfonium salt photoinitiator, a sulfonium salt photoinitiator having a new structure is obtained, which can exhibits a higher photosensitivity and an excellent as well as characteristics of low odor and low toxicity, when being used in a photocurable composition. This is significantly superior to existing similar photoinitiators. 2. The sulfonium salt photoinitiator according to claim 1 , wherein said Rrepresents a Cto Clinear or branched alkyl group.4. The sulfonium salt photoinitiator according to claim 1 , wherein said Y represents X claim 1 , ClO claim 1 , CN claim 1 , HSO claim 1 , CFCOO claim 1 , (BX) claim 1 , (SbX) claim 1 , (AsX) claim 1 , (PX) claim 1 , Al[OC(CF)] claim 1 , a sulfonate ion claim 1 , B(CX) claim 1 , or [(Rf)PF] claim 1 , wherein said X is F or Cl claim 1 , said Rf represents an alkyl group in which ≥80% of hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms claim 1 , said b represents an integer of 1 to 5 claim 1 , and said b Rf groups are the same or different from each other.6. The preparation method according to claim 5 , wherein said Friedel-Crafts reaction is performed in the presence of a catalyst and an organic solvent.7. The preparation method according to claim 6 , wherein said Friedel-Crafts reaction has a reaction temperature of 5 to 15° C.8. The preparation method according to claim 5 , wherein said dehydration reaction has a reaction temperature of −5 to 15° C.9. A photocurable composition comprising a polymerizable monomer and a photoinitiator claim 1 , wherein said photoinitiator comprises the sulfonium salt photoinitiator of .10. (canceled)11. The sulfonium salt photoinitiator according to claim 1 , wherein said M represents O or ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE

The invention relates to a process to prepare 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCO-1233xf) or 2-chloro-1,1,12-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244bb) using dichloro-trifluoropropanes and/or trichloro-difluoropropanes, and to prepare 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCO-1233xf) using various 242 and 243 isomers. 18.-. (canceled)9. A process to prepare 2-chloro-3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropene (HCO-1233xt) and 2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoropropane (244bb) comprising a contacting step comprising contacting at least one compound of Formulae (I) , (II) , (III){'br': None, 'sub': 2', '2, 'CX═CCl—CHX \u2003\u2003(I)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2, 'CX—CCl═CH\u2003\u2003(II)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2, 'CX—CHCl—CHX \u2003\u2003(III)'}wherein X is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, and I, provided that at least one X is not fluorine, with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the presence of a catalyst under conditions effective to form a composition comprising HCO-1233xf and a by-product selected from the group consisting of a dichloro-trifluoropropane, a trichloro-difluoropropane and combinations thereof;recovering the by-product from the composition;recycling the by-product to the contacting step wherein the by-product is converted to 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (244bb).10. The process of wherein the recovering step comprises phase separation and distillation.11. The process of wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of CrO claim 9 , FeCl/C claim 9 , CrO/AlO claim 9 , CrO/AlF claim 9 , CrO/carbon claim 9 , CoCl/CrO/AlO claim 9 , NiCl/CrO/AlO claim 9 , CoCl/AlF claim 9 , NiCl/AlFand combinations thereof.12. The process of wherein the dichloro-trifluoropropane is selected from the group consisting of 2 claim 9 ,2-dichloro-1 claim 9 ,1 claim 9 ,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243ab) claim 9 , 1 claim 9 ,2-dichloro-1 claim 9 ,1 claim 9 ,2-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243bc) claim 9 , and combinations thereof.13. The process of wherein the trichloro-difluoropropane is selected ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING OPTICALLY ACTIVE 2-(2-FLUOROBIPHENYL-4-YL) PROPANOIC ACID

A novel process for producing optically active 2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid is disclosed. This production process is characterized in that a compound of formula [1] is reacted with magnesium and so forth to prepare an organometallic reagent, which is reacted with a compound of formula [2] in the presence of a catalytic amount of a nickel compound and a catalytic amount of an optically active compound of formula [3] to obtain a compound represented by formula [4] which is subsequently converted to a compound represented by formula [5] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 19-. (canceled)11. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the compound of formula [1] claim 10 , after being reacted with magnesium in (a) claim 10 , is further reacted with zinc chloride or zinc bromide to prepare the organometallic reagent.13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein the compound of formula [1] claim 12 , after being reacted with magnesium in (a) claim 12 , is further reacted with zinc chloride or zinc bromide to prepare the organometallic reagent.14. The process according to claim 10 , wherein Rof the compound of formula [2] in (b) is Calkyl.15. The process according to claim 10 , wherein Rof the compound of formula [2] in (b) is tert-butyl.16. The process according to claim 10 , wherein claim 10 , relative to the compound of formula [2] claim 10 , the catalytic amount of the nickel compound used in (b) is no more than 10 mol %.17. The process according to claim 10 , wherein claim 10 , relative to the compound of formula [2] claim 10 , the catalytic amount of the optically active compound of formula [3] used in (b) is no more than 12 mol %.18. The process according to claim 11 , wherein claim 11 , relative to the compound of formula [2] claim 11 , the catalytic amount of the nickel compound used in (b) is from 0.03 to 1.00 mol % and the catalytic amount of the optically active compound of formula [3] used in (b) is from 0.036 to 1.20 mol %.19. The ...

OXYGEN ABSORBING AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMITTING COMPOSITION

A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen including ascorbic acid, an organic acid, a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide and a soluble transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states. 1. A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen comprising:ascorbic acid;organic acid;a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide; anda transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states.2. The composition of wherein the organic acid is selected from: ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid) (HCH); 2 claim 1 ,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (tartaric acid) (CHO); 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) (CHO); hydroxybutanedioic acid (malic acid) (CHO); (Z)-butenedioic acid (maleic acid) (CHO); 2-hydroxypropane-1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-tricarboxylic acid (citric acid) (CHO); propanedioic acid (malonic acid) (CHO); hydrates thereof; adducts thereof; and combinations thereof.3. The composition of wherein the catalyst is selected from: zinc chloride (ZnCl); aluminum sulfate (Al(SO)); magnesium chloride (MgCl); hydrates thereof; and combinations thereof.4. The composition of further comprising a base selected from: sodium hydroxide (NaOH); calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)); magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)); and combinations thereof.5. The composition of wherein the transition metal salt is selected from: cupric sulfate (copper(II) sulfate) (CuSO); ferrous sulfate (iron(II) sulfate) (FeSO); manganese(II) chloride (MnCl); cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl); hydrates thereof; adducts thereof; and combinations thereof.6. The composition of further comprising:{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '4', '32', '18', '8', '6', '18', '24', '6, 'a promoter selected from: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate (disodium EDTA) (NaEDTA); Sodium oxalate (NaCO); phthalocyanine (CHN); (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5, ...

Amine Derivatives of The Beta-Farnesene

The invention provides a process for preparing farnesylamines by reacting β-farnesene with one or more amines in the presence of a transition metal catalyst from transition group 10 at a temperature in the range from 60 to 150° C.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING A CHLORINE COMPRISING CATALYST, THE PREPARED CATALYST, AND ITS USE

The invention concerns a process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst by (a) providing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising titania and at least 5 weight percent cobalt; (b) impregnating the catalyst with a solution comprising chloride ions; and (c) heating the impregnated catalyst at a temperature in the range of between 100 and 500° C. for at least 5 minutes up to 2 days. The prepared catalyst preferably comprises 0.13-3 weight percent of the element chlorine. The invention further relates to the prepared catalyst and its use. 1. A process for performing a Fischer-Tropsch reaction comprising the following steps:providing syngas to a reactor, said reactor comprising catalyst particles obtained by a process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst, comprising the following steps:(a) providing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising: at least 5 weight percent cobalt, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst', 'in the range of between to 0.1 to 15 weight percent promoter calculated on the total weight of the catalyst, whereby the promoter comprises manganese, rhenium, Group 8-10 noble metals, or mixtures thereof;', '(b) impregnating the catalyst with one or more solutions comprising chloride ions until the catalyst comprises 0.13-10 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst;', '(c) heating the impregnated catalyst at a temperature in the range of 100 to 500° C. for at least 5 minutes up to 2 days;, 'titania'}providing the following process conditions in the reactor: a temperature in the range from 125 to 350° C., a pressure in the range from 5 to 150 bar absolute, anda gaseous hourly space velocity in the range from 500 to 10000 Nl/l/h;removing Fischer-Tropsch product from the reactor.2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is impregnated in step (b) until the catalyst comprises 0.13-6 claim 1 , weight percent of the element chlorine claim 1 , calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE

The invention relates to a process to prepare 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCO-1233xf) or 2-chloro-1,1,12-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244bb) using dichloro-trifluoropropanes and/or trichloro-difluoropropanes, and to prepare 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCO-1233xf) using various 242 and 243 isomers. 1. A process to prepare 2-chloro-1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244bb) comprising contacting a compound selected from the group consisting of a dichloro-trifluoropropane , a trichloro-difluoropropane , and combinations thereof , with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) under conditions effective to produce HCFC-244bb , wherein the trichloro-difluoropropane is selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2 ,2-trichloro-1 ,1-difluoropropane (HCFC-242ac) , 1 ,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2-difluoropropane (HCFC-242bc) , 1 ,2 ,3-trichloro-1 ,1-difluoropropane (HCFC-242dc) and combinations thereof.2. The process of wherein the dichloro-trifluoropropane is selected from the group consisting of 2 claim 1 ,2-dichloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243ab) claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,2-dichloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243bc) claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3-dichloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243db) and combinations thereof.3. (canceled)4. The process of wherein the process occurs in a vapor phase.5. The process of wherein the contacting occurs in the presence of a catalyst.6. The process of wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of CrO claim 5 , FeCl/C claim 5 , CrO/AlO claim 5 , CrO/AlF claim 5 , CrO/carbon claim 5 , CoCl/CrO/AlO claim 5 , NiCl/CrO/AlO claim 5 , CoCl/AlF claim 5 , NiCl/AlFand combinations thereof.7. The process of wherein the contacting occurs at a temperature between about 150° C. and about 500° C.8. The process of wherein the contacting occurs at a pressure of between about 20 psig and about 200 psig.915. to . (canceled)16. A process to prepare 2-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2-tetrafluorpropane ( ...

Process of Making Olefins or Alkylate by Reaction of Methanol and/or DME or by Reaction of Methanol and/or DME and Butane

Methods of simultaneously converting butanes and methanol to olefins over Ti-containing zeolite catalysts are described. The exothermicity of the alcohols to olefins reaction is matched by endothermicity of dehydrogenation reaction of butane(s) to light olefins resulting in a thermo-neutral process. The Ti-containing zeolites provide excellent selectivity to light olefins as well as exceptionally high hydrothermal stability. The coupled reaction may advantageously be conducted in a staged reactor with methanol/DME conversion zones alternating with zones for butane(s) dehydrogenation. The resulting light olefins can then be reacted with iso-butane to produce high-octane alkylate. The net result is a highly efficient and low cost method for converting methanol and butanes to alkylate.

SOLVENT-FREE MELT POLYCONDENSATION PROCESS OF MAKING FURAN-BASED POLYAMIDES

Disclosed herein are processes of making furan-based polyamides using solvent-free melt condensation of a diamine and an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol. The processes comprise a) forming a reaction mixture by mixing one or more diamines, a diester comprising an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol, and a catalyst, such that the diamine is present in an excess amount of at least 1 mol % with respect to the diester amount; and b) melt polycondensing the reaction mixture in the absence of a solvent at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to a maximum temperature of 250° C. under an inert atmosphere, while removing alkyl alcohol to form a furan-based polyamide, wherein the one or more diamines comprises an aliphatic diamine, an aromatic diamine, or an alkylaromatic diamine. 1. A process comprising:{'sub': 2', '12, 'a) forming a reaction mixture by mixing one or more diamines, a diester comprising an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol, and a catalyst, such that the diamine is present in an excess amount of at least 1 mol % with respect to the diester amount; and'}b) melt polycondensing the reaction mixture in the absence of a solvent at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to a maximum temperature of 250° C. under an inert atmosphere, while removing alkyl alcohol to form a furan-based polyamide, wherein the one or more diamines comprises an aliphatic diamine, an aromatic diamine, or an alkylaromatic diamine.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from hypophosphorus acid claim 1 , potassium hypophosphite claim 1 , sodium hypophosphite monohydrate claim 1 , phosphoric acid claim 1 , 4-chlorobutyl dihydroxyzinc claim 1 , n-butyltin chloride dihydroxide claim 1 , titanium(IV) isopropoxide claim 1 , zinc acetate claim 1 , 1-hydroxybenzotriazole claim 1 , and sodium carbonate.3. The process of claim 1 , ...

Process for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in the presence of an organic dehydration catalyst and a chloride source

The invention relates to a novel process for converting a feedstock comprising at least one sugar into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, wherein said feedstock is brought into contact with one or more organic dehydration catalysts and one or more chloride sources in the presence of at least one aprotic polar solvent alone or as a mixture, at a temperature of between 30° C. and 200° C., and at a pressure of between 0.1 MPa and 10 MPa.

IMPROVED 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL PRODUCTION USING A MULTI-FLUORINATED ALCOHOL COMPOUND

The present invention relates to a process for producing a water cleavage product, a water cleavage product thus produced, a process for producing at least one water cleavage secondary product, a water cleavage secondary product thus produced and the use of a multi-fluorinated alcohol compound for the extraction of at least one water cleavage product from an aqueous phase. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one water cleavage compound having at least one hydroxyl group cleavable in an acid-catalyzed manner is a carbohydrate claim 1 , a carbohydrate derivative or a mixture thereof.3. The process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the at least one carbohydrate is a compound containing hexose and/or pentose.4. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the hexose and/or pentose is selected from the group consisting of fructose claim 3 , glucose claim 3 , arabinose and xylose.5. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the multi-fluorinated alcohol compound is selected from the group consisting of 2 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropan-1-ol claim 1 , 2-allylhexafluoroisopropanol claim 1 , 1H claim 1 ,1H-heptafluorobutan-1 -ol claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobutan-1-ol claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,5 claim 1 ,5-octafluoropentan-1-ol claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-hexafluoro-2-trifluoromethylpropan-2-ol and 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,5 claim 1 ,6-pentafluorophenol.6. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reaction system has a second phase claim 1 , wherein the second phase is an aqueous phase.7. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reaction system comprises water and the at least one multi-fluorinated alcohol compound in a ratio from 30:1 to 1:30.8. The process as claimed in claim 1 ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING METHYLDICHLOROPHOSPHANE

The present invention primarily relates to a process for producing methyldichlorophosphane (MDP) by reaction of methane with PCl(phosphorus trichloride) in the presence of a catalytically active amount of a compound of formula SOCl, wherein the index x may take the value 1 (SOCl, thionyl chloride) or 2 (SOCl, sulphuryl chloride). The present invention further relates to particular mixtures that are particularly suitable for producing methyldichlorophosphane (MDP) in the context of the process according to the invention/that are formed when carrying out a process according to the invention. 1. A process for producing methyldichlorophosphane (MDP) by reaction of methane (CH) with phosphorus trichloride (PCl) , wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a compound of formula SOCl , wherein x is 1 or 2.2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalytically active amount of SOCland/or SOCl.3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the total amount of SOClis in the range from 0.1 to 10 mol % based on the amount of PClemployed.4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the total amount of SOClis in the range from 0.5 to 9 mol % based on the amount of PClemployed.5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the total amount of SOClis in the range from 2 to 8 mol % based on the amount of PClemployed.6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the total amount of SOClis in the range from 3 to 7 mol % based on the amount of PClemployed.7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of CHto PClis in the range from 12:1 to 2:1.8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of CHto PClis in the range from 10:1 to 3:1.9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of CHto PClis in the range from 8:1 to 4:1.10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range from 400° C. to 750° C.11. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

METAL HYDROXIDE BASED IONIC LIQUID COMPOSITION

The present disclosure relates to an ionic liquid composition and a process for its preparation. The process of the present disclosure is simple, single pot and efficient process for preparing the ionic liquid composition which is effective in a Friedel Craft reaction like, alkylation reaction, trans-alkylation, and acylation. 17-. (canceled)8. An ionic liquid composition comprising:at least one metal hydroxide;at least one metal halide; andat least one solvent;wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, substituted benzenes and ethylene dichloride.9. An ionic liquid composition comprising:at least one metal hydroxide in an amount ranging from 3% to 40% by weight of the composition;at least one metal halide in an amount ranging from 8% to 90% by weight of the composition; andat least one solvent in an amount ranging from 10% to 70% by weight of the composition;wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, substituted benzenes and ethylene dichloride.10. The composition as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the metal of said at least one metal hydroxide and the metal of said at least one metal halide are same or are different.11. The composition as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the metal of said at least one metal hydroxide and the metal of said at least one metal halide are same or are different.12. The composition as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the metal of said at least one metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of S-block metals claim 8 , P-block metals and transition metals;wherein the metal of said at least one metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cd, and Hg.13. The composition as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the metal of said at least one metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of S-block metals claim 9 , P-block metals ...

COATED OPTICAL FIBRES HAVING IMPROVED FEATURES

A waveguide for high efficiency transmission of high energy light useful in ablation procedures at predetermined bandwidths over predetermined distances comprising: an optical fiber core; a silanization agent; layered cladding surrounding the optical fiber core comprising: a first thin metal layer comprising at least two types of metals the first thin metal layer covalently bonded to the core and a second thin metal layer bonded to the second metal layer; and a catalyst component; wherein the silanization agent comprising organofunctional alkoxysilane molecule, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), is a self supporting bridge between the surface of the optical fiber and the first metal layer; the first metal layer is uniformly chemisorbed onto the surface of the optical fiber by means of covalent Si—O—Si bonds with the optical fiber; further wherein the catalyst component derived from an activation solution for enhancing the layered cladding upon the optical fiber. 157-. (canceled)58. A waveguide for high efficiency transmission of high energy light for ablation procedures at predetermined bandwidths over predetermined distances , comprising:a. an optical fibre core;b. a silanization agent; and i. a first thin metal layer comprising at least two types of metals, said first thin metal layer covalently bonded to said core; and,', 'ii. a second thin metal layer bonded to said first metal layer; and,, 'c. layered cladding surrounding said optical fibre core comprisingd. a catalyst component;wherein said silanization agent comprising organofunctional alkoxysilane molecule such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), is a self-supporting bridge between the surface of said optical fibre and said first metal layer; said first metal layer is uniformly chemisorbed onto the surface of said optical fibre by means of covalent Si—O—Si bonds with said optical fibre; further wherein said catalyst component is palladium derived from an activation solution consisting of tin ...

Catalysts and methods for alcohol dehydration

Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl ether compound through the dehydration of an aromatic alcohol compound in the presence of a halogenated rare earth element oxide catalyst, providing a reaction vessel having loaded therein a rare earth element oxide; halogenating the rare earth element oxide with a halogen source to form an activated catalyst; and dehydrating an aromatic alcohol compound over the activated catalyst to form the diaryl ether compound, where the halogenating and dehydrating steps occur in the same vessel. The rare earth element oxide is an oxide of a light rare earth element, an oxide of a medium rare earth element, an oxide of a heavy rare earth element, an oxide of yttrium, or a mixture of two or more thereof.

High Molecular Weight Multimodal Elastomer Compositions with Good Processability

Provided herein are multimodal elastomer compositions comprising a first polymer fraction and a second polymer fraction, and methods for making such compositions. The elastomer compositions are preferably ethylene, α-olefin, copolymers or ethylene, α-olefin, polyene terpolymers. The elastomer compositions have high Mooney viscosity, thereby providing for improved elastomeric properties in compounds and other articles formed from the elastomer compositions. Surprisingly, the high Mooney viscosity compositions exhibit a much lower than expected viscosity when formulated into elastomer compounds. Thus, the processing detriments typically associated with high Mooney viscosity elastomers are minimized through the use of the elastomer compositions, and methods for making them, disclosed herein. 1. A composition comprising: wherein said first polymer fraction has Mooney viscosity of at least 50 MU (ML, 1+8@150° C.);', 'wherein said second polymer fraction has Mooney viscosity that is at least 150 MU (ML, 1+8@150° C.) greater than the Mooney viscosity of the first polymer fraction;', {'sub': 3', '20, 'wherein each of the first and second polymer fractions independently comprises units derived from ethylene, one or more C-Cα-olefins, and, optionally, one or more non-conjugated polyenes; and further'}, 'wherein the blend has one or more of the following properties:, 'a blend of 85 to 95 wt % of a first polymer fraction and 5 to 15 wt % of a second polymer fraction, said wt % s determined on the basis of total weight of the blend;'}(i) Mooney viscosity within the range of 70 to 100 MU (ML, 1+8@150° C.);(ii) MLRA/ML measured at 150° C. within the range of 10 to 15;(iii) MWD (Mw(LS)/Mn(DRI)) within the range of 4 to 7; and(iv) Branching index of 6 to 10, measured by Rubber Process Analyzer at 150° C., 0.63 radian/second and 1000% oscillation amplitude.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer fraction has Mooney viscosity within the range of 60 to 75 MU (ML claim ...

Methods for the oxidative dehydrogenation of butene to produce butadiene

Methods for producing butadiene by the oxidative dehydrogenation of butene are provided. Methods for producing butadiene from a feed stream including oxygen and butene in a molar ratio of oxygen to butene (O 2 /C 4 H 8 ) from about 0.9 to about 1.5 can include introducing the feed stream to a catalyst in the presence of steam. The molar ratio of steam to butene (H 2 O/C 4 H 8 ) can be from about 10 to about 20. Methods can further include reacting the butene to generate a product stream therefrom comprising butadiene and water. Methods can further include separating water from the product stream to generate a butadiene stream including greater than about 85 wt-% butadiene.

A SOLVENT-FREE MELT POLYCONDENSATION PROCESS OF MAKING FURAN-BASED POLYAMIDES

Disclosed herein are processes of making furan-based polyamides using solvent-free melt condensation of a diamine and an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol. The processes comprise a) forming a reaction mixture by mixing one or more diamines, a diester comprising an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol, and a catalyst, such that the diamine is present in an excess amount of at least 1 mol % with respect to the diester amount; and b) melt polycondensing the reaction mixture in the absence of a solvent at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to a maximum temperature of 250° C. under an inert atmosphere, while removing alkyl alcohol to form a furan-based polyamide, wherein the one or more diamines comprises an aliphatic diamine, an aromatic diamine, or an alkylaromatic diamine. 1. A process comprising:{'sub': 2', '12, 'a) forming a reaction mixture by mixing one or more diamines, a diester comprising an ester derivative of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with a Cto Caliphatic diol or a polyol, and a catalyst, such that the diamine is present in an excess amount of at least 1 mol % with respect to the diester amount; and'}b) melt polycondensing the reaction mixture in the absence of a solvent at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to a maximum temperature of 250° C. under an inert atmosphere, while removing alkyl alcohol to form a furan-based polyamide, wherein the one or more diamines comprises an aliphatic diamine, an aromatic diamine, or an alkylaromatic diamine.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from hypophosphorus acid claim 1 , potassium hypophosphite claim 1 , sodium hypophosphite monohydrate claim 1 , phosphoric acid claim 1 , 4-chlorobutyl dihydroxyzinc claim 1 , n-butyltin chloride dihydroxide claim 1 , titanium(IV) isopropoxide claim 1 , zinc acetate claim 1 , 1-hydroxybenzotriazole claim 1 , and sodium carbonate.3. The process of claim 1 , ...

A method of catalyst transitions in olefin polymerizations

A method for transitioning between two different catalysts during a continuous olefin polymerizations, more specifically in the production of polypropylene homo- or copolymers in a continuous slurry/gas phase polymerization reaction with a prior pre-polymerization reaction, said method comprises the steps of: a) discontinuing the feed of the first catalyst into the pre-polymerization reactor and then b) introducing the second catalyst into the prepolymerization reactor, c) adapting the reaction conditions in the prepolymerization reactor, the slurry reactor as well as in the subsequent gas phase reactor, wherein the transition is performed between a Ziegler-Natta catalyst and an self-supported, solid metallocene catalyst, prepared by using an emulsion/solidification technology or vice versa and, whereby the transition is performed in the absence of any additional agent which deactivates or kills the catalyst.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Catalyst composition comprising a metallocene and a silica-coated alumina activator-support

A method of catalyst transitions in olefin polymerizations

A method for transitioning between two different catalysts during a continuous olefin polymerizations, more specifically in the production of polypropylene homo- or copolymers in a continuous slurry/gas phase polymerization reaction with a prior pre-polymerization reaction, said method comprises the steps of: a) discontinuing the feed of the first catalyst into the pre-polymerization reactor and then b) introducing the second catalyst into the prepolymerization reactor, c) adapting the reaction conditions in the prepolymerization reactor, the slurry reactor as well as in the subsequent gas phase reactor, wherein the transition is performed between a Ziegler-Natta catalyst and an self-supported, solid metallocene catalyst, prepared by using an emulsion/solidification technology or vice versa and, whereby the transition is performed in the absence of any additional agent which deactivates or kills the catalyst.

Ziegler-Natta catalysts prepared from solid alkoxymagnesium halide supports

Catalyst systems containing a titanium alkoxymagnesium halide supported catalyst component can be used for the polymerization of olefins. The catalyst can be prepared from a microcrystalline solid alkoxymagnesium halide support having a lattice spacing in the 5 nm to 15 nm range.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Catalyst compositions containing silica-coated alumina activator-supports are disclosed. Methods for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins and the obtained polyolefins are disclosed.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports for metallocene catalyst compositions

Silica-coated alumina activator-supports, and catalyst compositions containing these activator-supports, are disclosed. Methods also are provided for preparing silica-coated alumina activator-supports, for preparing catalyst compositions, and for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins.

Ionic liquid catalyst having a high molar ratio of aluminum to nitrogen

An ionic liquid catalyst is provided comprising an ammonium chloroaluminate salt, and having a molar ratio of Al to N greater than 2.0 when held at a temperature at or below 25° C. for at least two hours. There is also provided an ionic liquid catalyst comprising an alkyl-pyridinium haloaluminate and an impurity, wherein the ionic liquid catalyst has a molar ratio of Al to N greater than 2.0 when held at a temperature at or below 25° C. for at least two hours. In a third embodiment, there is provided an ionic liquid system for isoparaffin/olefin alkylation, comprising a quaternary ammonium chloroaluminate, a conjunct polymer, and a hydrogen chloride. The ionic liquid system has a molar ratio of Al to N from 2.1 to 8.0. Less than 0.1 wt % AlCl 3 precipitates from the ionic liquid system when it is held for three hours or longer at or below 25° C.

Aromatic organic compound-transition element addition complexes

Classification of powdered catalyst

ABSTRACT A liquid classification process it provided for powdered catalyst compositions where the removal of ultra fine particles from such composition is desired. A suspension in an inert liquid of catalyst material is prepared which is agitated for a period of time sufficient to distribute at least the smallest particles throughout the liquid On this continuance of the agitation the solids settle and for any predetermined segregation of particles may be effected according to size with an appropriate settling time The depth of the top portion of partially settled suspension which contains catalyst fines may readily be separated from the heavier bottom portion of the suspension Separation may be accomplished by decantation or siphoning off the top portion or by withdrawal of the bottom portion through outlet valve in the lower portion of the treatment vessel.

Transition metal compound and catalyst composition including same

The present invention pertains to: a novel transition metal compound that exhibits excellent catalytic activity in polyethylene polymerization and is useful for the production of polyethylene having a high content of short-chain branches in the molecule without degradation of physical properties such as molecular weight, melting point, and density; a catalyst composition including same; and a method for producing polyethylene using same.

Catalyst for conversion of hydrocarbons

One embodiment is a catalyst for catalytic reforming of naphtha. The catalyst can have a noble metal including one or more of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, a lanthanide-series metal, and a support. Generally, an average bulk density of the catalyst is about 0.300 to about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter. The catalyst has a platinum content of less than about 0.375 wt %, a tin content of about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, a potassium content of about 100 to about 600 wppm, and a cerium content of about 0.1 to about 1 wt %. The lanthanide-series metal can be distributed at a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal in a 100 micron surface layer of the catalyst less than two times a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal at a central core of the catalyst.

Reforming catalysts with tuned acidity for maximum aromatics yield

One exemplary embodiment can be a catalyst for catalytic reforming of naphtha. The catalyst can have a noble metal including one or more of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, at least two alkali metals or at least two alkaline earth metals, or mixtures of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and a support.

High molecular weight multimodal elastomer compositions with good processability

PROCESS FOR PREPARING 3,3,3-TRIFLUOROPROP-1-ENE

The present application provides a process of preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, comprising reacting 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane with a base in an aqueous solvent component in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. 1. A process of preparing a mixture of 3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf) and 2-chloro-3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf) , comprising reacting a mixture of 3-chloro-1 ,1 ,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-253fb) and 1 ,1 ,1-trifluoro-2 ,3-dichloropropane (HCFC-243db) with a base in a liquid phase and in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.2. The process of wherein the reacting is conducted in the absence of an organic solvent.3. The process of wherein the base is a metal hydroxide base claim 1 , a metal carbonate base claim 1 , a metal phosphate base claim 1 , or a metal fluoride base.4. The process of wherein the base is NaOH claim 1 , KOH claim 1 , LiOH claim 1 , CsOH claim 1 , Ca(OH) claim 1 , Zn(OH) claim 1 , NaCO claim 1 , KCO claim 1 , KPO claim 1 , NaPO claim 1 , KF claim 1 , or CSF.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the base is KOH or NaOH.6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the base is NaOH.7. The process of claim 1 , wherein about 0.01 to about 5 molar equivalents of base is used based on one molar equivalent of 3-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1-trifluoropropane.8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reacting is conducted at a temperature of from about bout 40° C. to about 80° C.9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reacting is conducted at a temperature of from about bout 55° C. to about 65° C.10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reacting is conducted at a pressure selected from one of between 5 psig to about 150 psig claim 1 , 0 psig to about 100 psig and −10 to about 100 psig.11. A process of preparing a mixture of 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf) and 2-chloro-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf) claim 1 , comprising reacting a mixture of 3-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1- ...

Catalyst for reducing carbon dioxide

1. IN A PROESS FOR REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE WHEREIN ARBON DIOXIDE IS REACTED WITH HYDROGEN IN THE PRESENCE OF A CATALYST, THE IMPROEMENT WHICH COMPRISES CONDUCTING SAID REACTION AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM 250*C, TO 400*C. IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ELECTRION DONOR-ACCEPTOR COMPLEX CATALYST CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF (A) AN ALKALI METAL, (B) A CHLORIDE OF A TRANSITION METAL OF GROUP VIB OR VIII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, AND (C) GRAPHITE, AND WHEREIN THE WEIGHT RATIO OF SAID CHLORIDE TO GRAPHITE IS 0.001-10:1 AND OF SAID ALKALI METAL TO GRAPHITE AND AID CHLORIDE IS 0.1-10:1.

Supported lewis acid catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions

A supported Lewis acid catalyst system for catalyzing hydrocarbon conversion reactions including cationic polymerization, alkylation, isomerization and cracking reactions is disclosed, wherein the catalyst system comprises an inorganic oxide support having immobilized thereon at least one relatively strong Lewis acid and at least one relatively weak Lewis acid.

Supported lewis acid catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions

Supported lewis acid catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions

Supported lewis acid catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions

A supported Lewis acid catalyst system effective for hydrocarbon conversion reactions including cationic polymerization, alkylation, isomerization and cracking reactions and comprising at least one Lewis acid immobilized on an anhydrous dihalide of Cd, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn or Mg is disclosed.