Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors
The present invention relates to pyrrolidine and thiazolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and to these compounds for use in methods for treating diabetes, particularly Type-2 diabetes as well as impaired glucose tolerance, impaired glucose homeostasis and complications associated with diabetes by inhibiting DPP-IV with such cyclic amido and cyclic ureido pyrrolidine and thiazolidine inhibitors. Diabetes results from the occurrence of one or more of several causative factors, and is characterized by an abnormal elevation in levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia). Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia results in an increased probability of premature morbidity and mortality. Abnormal glucose homeostasis is usually associated with changes in the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism, or due to other metabolic and hemodynamic diseases. Patients afflicted with Type-2 diabetes mellitus or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), are especially at increased risk of suffering from macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and hypertension are critical in the clinical management and treatment of Type-2 diabetes mellitus. The currently available therapeutics for treating available Type-2 diabetes, although effective, have recognized limitations. Compounds based on sulfonylureas (e.g. tolbutamide, glipizide, etc.), which stimulate the pancreatic beta-cells to secrete more insulin, are limited by the development of inhibitor resistant tissues, causing them to become inefficient or ineffective, even at high doses. Biguanide compounds, on the other hand, increase insulin sensitivity so as to cause correction of hyperglycemia to some extent. However, clinically used biguanides such as phenformin and metformin can induce side-effects such as lactic acidosis, nausea and diarrhea. The more recent glitazone-type compounds (i.e. 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones) substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue resulting in either partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia. Currently used glitazones are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), which is attributed to be responsible for their improved insulin sensitization. However, serious side effects (e.g. liver toxicity) have been known to occur with some glitazones such as, for example, troglitazone. Compounds that are inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV ("DPP-IV", "DPP-4" or "DP-IV") enzyme are also under investigation as drugs that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, and particularly Type-2 diabetes. See for example, DPP-IV is a membrane bound non-classical serine aminodipeptidase which is located in a variety of tissues (intestine, liver, lung, kidney) as well as on circulating T-lymphocytes (where the enzyme is known as CD-26). It is responsible for the metabolic cleavage of certain endogenous peptides (GLP-1(7-36), glucagon) in vivo and has demonstrated proteolytic activity against a variety of other peptides (e.g. GHRH, NPY, GLP-2, VIP) The usefulness of DPP-IV inhibitors in the treatment of Type-2 diabetes is based on the fact that DPP-IV in vivo readily inactivates glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). GLP-1(7-36) is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived by post-translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine. GLP-1(7-36) has multiple actions GLP-1 and GIP are incretins that are produced upon ingestion of food, and which stimulate production of insulin. Inhibition of DPP-IV causes decreased inactivation of the incretins, which in turn, results in an increase in their effectiveness in stimulating pancreatic production of insulin. DPP-IV inhibition therefore, results in an increase in the level of serum insulin. Since the incretins are produced upon consumption of food only, DPP-IV inhibition is not expected to increase insulin levels when not required, thereby precluding excessive lowering of blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Inhibition of DPP-IV, is therefore, is expected to increase insulin levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, thereby lowering deleterious side effects associated with currently used insulin secretagogues. Although DPP-IV inhibitors have not been studied extensively as therapeutics for diseases other than diabetes, they are expected to have other potential therapeutic utilities. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-IV) are known, for example, from These documents describe in particular molecules containing a fused tricyclic heterocycle bounded to nitrogen-containing, five-membered cyclic groups via an acetyl-amino containing chain. The present invention relates to a class of pyrrolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). In particular, the present invention provides a new class of pyrrolidine and thiazolidine DPP-IV inhibiting compounds ("DPP-IV inhibitors"). One aspect of the present invention includes a compound of formula (I): A-B-D (I) and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs; wherein A is: Described is a method of preparing a compound of the following formula: comprising (a) coupling prolinamide with fumarylchloride to provide a compound of the following formula: Described is also a method of preparing a compound of the following formula: comprising: (a) coupling a compound of formula: with fumaryl chloride to provide a compound of formula Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enatiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention. The present invention also provides compounds of formula (I) for use in methods of inhibiting the DPP-IV enzyme. The present invention further provides compounds of formula (I) for use in methods of treatment or prevention of diseases in which the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme is involved, such as diabetes and particularly Type-2 diabetes. The present invention also provides methods for obtaining the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them either singly or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of DPP-IV enzyme medicated diseases, particularly Type-2 diabetes. The terms "alkyl" or "alk", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (-COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH2--CO--), substituted carbamoyl ((R4)(R5)N--CO-- wherein R4 or R5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R4 or R5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (-SR). The terms "lower alk" or "lower alkyl" as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain. The term "alkoxy" denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (--O--). The term "alkenyl", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (-COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH2 --CO--), substituted carbamoyl ((R4)(R5)N--CO-- wherein R4 or R5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R4 or R5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (--SH). The term "alkynyl", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (--COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH2--CO-), substituted carbamoyl ((R4)(R5)N--CO-- wherein R4 or R5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R4 or R5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (--SH). The term "cycloalkyl", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, including bridged ring systems, desirably containing 1 to 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, and adamantyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents. The terms "ar" or "aryl", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents. The term "heterocycle" or "heterocyclic system" denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4a "Heterocyclenyl" denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. "Heterocyclenyl" as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in "Heterocyclyl," or "heterocycloalkyl," denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. "heterocyclyl" as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in "Heteroaryl" denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The "heteroaryl" may also be substituted by one or more subsituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in The term "amino" denotes the radical -NH2 wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino. The term "cycloalkylalkyl" denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyclohexylpropyl. The term "arylalkyl" denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. The term "heteroarylalkyl" denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. The term "heterocyclylalkyl," or "heterocycloalkylalkyl," denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. The terms "halogen", "halo", or "hal", as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. The term "haloalkyl" denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group. The term "aminoalkyl" denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. The phrase "bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated" denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl. The phrase "tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated" denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]indene. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. "Substituted" is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using "substituted" is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., =O) group, then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Unless moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted. In addition to any substituents provided above, the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from, but not limited to: The term "cleave" or "cleaving" means splitting a complex molecule into at least two separate molecules. "Cleavage products" are the separate molecules which result from cleaving. The term "metabolite" refers to a composition which results from a metabolic process. Examples of the results of metabolism on the compounds of the present invention include addition of -OH, hydrolysis, and cleavage. The term "polymorphs" refers to the various crystalline structures of the compounds of the present invention. This may include, but is not limited to, crystal morphologies (and amorphous materials), all crystal lattice forms, and all salts. Salts of the present invention can be crystalline and may exist as more than one polymorph. Each polymorph forms another aspect of the invention. Hydrates as well as anhydrous forms of the salt are also encompassed by the invention. "Teoc" is 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl "Et" is ethyl (-CH2CH3) or ethylene (-CH2CH2-). "Me" is methyl (-CH3) or methylene (-CH2-). "Boc" is tert-butyloxycarbonyl. "PhCH2" is benzyl. The term "pharmaceutically-acceptable tricyclic moiety" is meant to include, but is not limited to, benzocycloheptapyridyl, benzodiazepinyl, and benzozapinyl In another embodiment of the present invention, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme. In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in combination with another disease modifying drug. Examples of other disease modifying drugs include, but are not limited to: (a) other dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors such as Vildagliptin (Novartis), Sitagliptin (Merck&Co.), Saxagliptin (BMS); (b) insulin sensitizers including (i) PPARγ agonists such as the glitazones (e.g. troglitazone, pioglitazone, edaglitazone, rosiglitazone, and the like) and other PPAR ligands, including PPARα/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), and PPARα agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, and (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors; (c) insulin or insulin mimetics; (d) incretin and incretin mimetics such as (i) Exenatide available from Amylin Pharmaceuticals, (i) amylin and amylin mimetics such as pramlintide acetate, available as Symlin®, (iii) GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, (iv) GIP, GIP mimetics and GIP receptor agonists; (e) sulfonylureas and other insulin secretagogues, such as tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, meglitinides, and repaglinide; (f) α-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose and miglitol); (g) glucagon receptor antagonists; (h) PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor agonists; (i) cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, and rosuvastatin, and other statins), (ii) sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran, (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPARα agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (v) PPARα/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as beta-sitosterol and ezetimibe, (vii) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors such as avasimibe, and (viii) anti-oxidants such as probucol; (j) PPARδ agonists such as GW-501516 from GSK; (k) anti-obesity compounds such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentemine, sibutramine, orlistat, neuropeptide Y1 or Y5 antagonists, MTP inhibitors, squalene synthase inhibitor, lipoxygenase inhibitor, ACAT inhibitor, Neuropeptide Cannabinoid CB-1 receptor antagonists, CB-1 receptor inverse agonists and antagonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, appetite suppressants (1) adrenergic receptor agonists, melanocortin receptor agonists, in particular - melanocortin-4 receptor agonists, ghrelin antagonists, and melanin- concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor antagonists; (m) ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors; (n) agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, azalfidine, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; (o) antihypertensive agents such as ACE inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, quinapril, fosinoprol, ramipril, spirapril, tandolapril), angiotensin-II (AT-1) receptor blockers (losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, eprosartan), beta blockers and calcium channel blockers; and (p) glucokinase activators (GKAs); (q) agents which can be used for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders or a drug for improving memory such as anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, neuroprotective agents, glutamate receptor antagonists, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, dopamine agonists or antagonists, inhibitors of gamma and beta secretases, inhibitors of amyloid aggregation, amyloid beta peptide, antibodies to amyloid beta peptide, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, glucokinase activators, agents directed at modulating GABA, NMDA, cannabinoid, AMPA, kainate, phosphodiesterase (PDE), PKA, PKC, CREB or nootropic systems; (r) leukocyte growth promotors intended for the treatment and prevention of reduced bone marrow production, infectious diseases, hormone dependent disorders, inflammatory diseases, HIV, allergies, leukocytopenia, and rheumatism; (s) SGLT2 inhibitor; (t) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor; (u) aP2 inhibitors; (v) aminopeptidase N inhibitor (w) vasopeptidase inhibitors like neprilysin inhibitors and/or ACE inhibitors or dual NEP/ACE inhibitor; (x) growth hormone secretagogue for enhancing growth hormone levels and for treating growth retardation / dwarfism or metabolic disorders or where the disorder is an injury, or a wound in need of healing, or a mammalian patient recovering from surgery; (y) 5-HT 3 or 5-HT 4 receptor modulators (tegaserod, cisapride, nor-cisapride, renzapride, zacopride, mosapride, prucalopride, buspirone, norcisapride, cilansetron, ramosetron, azasetron, ondansetron, etc.); (Za) aldose reductase inhibitors; (Zb) sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors; (Zc) AGE inhibitors; (Zd) erythropoietin agonist such as EPO, EPO mimetics, and EPO receptor agonists. In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in the treatment diseases or symptoms mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme. Examples of diseases or symptoms mediated by a DPP-IV enzyme include, but are not limited to, Type II (Type-2) Diabetes and Related Disorders, such as hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolernia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis and its 30 sequelae, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, glomerulosclerosis, foot ulcerations and unlcerative colitis, altered gastrointestinal motility, Syndrome X, ovarian hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, other disorders where insulin resistance is a component. In Syndrome X, also known as Metabolic Syndrome, obesity is thought to promote insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk, growth hormone deficiency, neutropenia, neuronal disorders, tumor invasion and metastasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, gingivitis, osteoporosis, frailty of aging, intestinal injury, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and sperm motility/male contraception. In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or the treatment of an early cardiac or early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, heart Failure, or heart Failure associated diseases like (i) cardiovascular diseases or damages e.g. cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, pulmonary congestion and cardiac fibrosis in dilated or in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mesanglial hypertrophy, or diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia, syncopy, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass reocclusion, intermittent claudication, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, diabetic myopathy, stroke prevention in congestive heart failure, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy or artherosclerosis, preferably artherosclerosis in mammalian patients with hypertension of diabetes; (ii) renal diseases or damages like renal hyperfiltration such as after portal renal ablation, proteinuria in chronic renal disease, renal arteriopathy as a consequence of hypertension, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis or mesanglial hypertrophy; (iii) Heart Failure to be treated is secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and/or coronary ischemic disease; In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for the prevention, the delay of the onset, the delay of progression or the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders and for improving memory (both short term and long term) and learning ability wherin the (i) neurodegenerative disorder is dementia, senile dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer related dementia, Huntington's chores, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesias, mania, Morbus Parkinson, Steel-Richard syndrome, Down's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, nerve and brain trauma, vascular amyloidosis, cerebral haemorrhage I with amyloidosis, brain inflammation, Friedrich ataxia, acute confusion disorders, acute confusion disorders with apoptotic necrocytosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease; (ii) cognitive disorders like cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, age-induced memory impairment, cognitive deficits associated with psychosis, cognitive impairment associated with diabetes, cognitive deficits associated with post-stroke, memory defects associated hypoxia, cognitive and attention deficits associated with senile dementia, attention deficits disorders, memory problems associated with mild cognitive impairment, impaired cognitice function associated with vascular dementia; cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, Pick's disease, cognitive deficits due to autism, cognitive deficits post electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury, amnesic disorders, deliriums, vitamin deficiency, dementias, impaired cognitive function associated with Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit disorders; (iii) prevention of memory impairment as a result of Alzheimer disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Pick disease, Huntington disease, AIDS, brain injury, brain aneurysm, epilepsy, stroke, toxicant exposure, mental retardation in children, Huntington's disease; (iv) to improve learning speed and potential in educational and rehabilitation contexts. In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for stimulating an immune response in a subject having or at risk of having cancer wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of basal cell carcinomas including cancers of the binary tract, bladder, urinary system, bone, brain, breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, uterine, choriocarcinoma, central nervous system, colon and rectal cancers, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, esophageal, gastric, stomach, larynx, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, renal cancers; cancers of the urinary system; cancers of eye, head and neck, oral cavity, skin, prostate; cancers of biliary tract, testicular, thyroid; intra- epithelial neoplasm, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia; and other cancers of the respiratory system, lung, small cell lung, non-small cell lung; lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, fibrosarcoma (bone or connective tissue sarcoma), rhabdomyosarcoma; and other cancers including neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinomas, such as liposarcoma,; In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies or asthma. In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be useful in the treatment of pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, osteoarthritis pain, anesthesia adjunct in mammalian patients undergoing surgery, chronic pain in advanced cancer, treatment of refractory diarrhea, biliary pain caused by gallstones. In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients undergoing islet/pancreas transplantation, for the prevention or the delay of transplant rejection, or allograft rejection in transplantation, for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes patients, and for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in generaL Furthermore, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients with acne, skin disorders (e.g. pigmentation disorders or psoriasis), scleroderma, mycoses; anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, insomnia, chronic fatigue, sleep apnea; anorexia nervosa; epilepsy; migrane; encephalomyelitis; osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, calcitonin-induced osteoporosis; male and female sexual dysfunction, infertility; Type 1 diabetes; immunosuppression, HIV infection; hematopoiesis, anemia; and for weight reduction. In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of (i) bacterial infections from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptoococcus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium difficile infection, Legionella, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella, Streptobacillus, Spirillum, Treponema, Actinomyces, Borrelia, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Gardnerella, Campylobacter, Spirochaeta, Proteus, Bacteriodes, Helicobacter pylori, and anthrax infection; (ii) mycobacterial infection from tuberculosis and leprosy; (iii) viral infection from HIV, Herpes simplex virus 1, Herpes simplex virus 2, Cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein Barr virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella-zoster virus, small pox, monkey pox and SARS; (iv) fungal infection from candidiasis, ringworm, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, chromomycosis, mycetoma infections, pseudallescheriasis, Tinea versicolor infection; (v) parasite infection from amebiasis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Fascioliasis, Leishmaniasis, Plasmodium, Onchocerciasis, Paragonimiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, Pneumocystis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Taenia, Hymenolepsis, Echinococcus, Schistosomiasis, neurocysticerosis, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichuria. The compounds from this invention are suitable for oral, sublingual, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (aerosol inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient The compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. The DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are synthesized by the general method shown in Schemes 1-14. General synthetic schemes for the preparation of tricyclic building blocks of this invention: Commercially available bromotoluene derivatives were treated with n-butyllithium and heated, followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. Alternatively, the acid can be prepared by Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent. Esterification of the compound followed by NBS bromination and subsequent conversion to the phosphonium salt in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired compound. Wittig reaction of the phosphonium salt with a suitable aldehyde in an appropriate solvent and heating, followed by saponification of the ester moiety and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation affords the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound after purification. For R1 = COOMe the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step was treated with thionylchloride in an alcohol. Reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound. In order to obtain the compounds with R1 = R2 = COOMe, the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step with R1 = COOH and R2 = Br was treated with CuCN in a suitable solvent, followed by saponification of the nitrile to the acid. Ester formation using thionylchloride in an alcohol and reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound. Alternative synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic building blocks of this invention: Commercially available bromotoluene derivatives are treated with Magnesium in a Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired acid. This acid is then treated with sec-butyllithium in an appropriate solvent at lower temperature. The anion is added at lower temperature to a solution of a commercially available benzylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound. To obtain the compounds with R1 = R2 = COOMe, the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step with R1 = R2 = C1 was treated with KCN, a Pd-catalyst, a suitable ligand and a suitable base in an appropriate solvent to afford the dicyano compound, which was converted to the diacid by treatment with base in a suitable solvent. Ester formation using thionylchloride in an alcohol and reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of aldehyde building blocks of this invention: Commercially available prolinamide is treated with fumarylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. This compounds is then treated with oxalylchloride in dimethylformamide to afford the desired compound after purification. Alternatively, the coupling product of prolinamide with fumarylchloride can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in a suitable solvent to afford the desired compound. Ozonolysis of this compound at - 78 °C in a suitable solvent, followed by reductive workup affords the desired final compound as a mixture of the aldehyde and its methyl hemiacetal. Treatment of 2-Aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylic acid amide, prepared according to General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R3 = H: The reaction of substituted or unsubstituted tricyclic chlorides with an amino derivative in a suitable solvent as described above affords the desired final product after purification. Substituted or unsubstituted tricyclic chlorides are treated in an appropriate solvent with an excess of suitable amines to afford the desired product after purification. In case the reaction product contains additional amino protecting groups like Boc, they are cleaved by acid treatment to afford the desired compound. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative yields the final desired product after purification. Alternatively, the amines are treated with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) via reductive amination to afford the final compound after purification. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with Z = N: Substituted or unsubstituted tricycles containing a nitrogen at the doubly benzylic position are treated with bromoacetylbromide and heated to afford the desired compounds. Treating these compounds with sodium azide or sodium cyanide in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired azido or cyano compounds after purification. Catalytic hydrogenation or reduction with Lithium aluminium hydride in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative yields the final desired product after purification. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention having H, OH or no substituent at R3 Substituted or unsubstitued tricyclic ketones with Y = C(R4)=C(R5) are treated with malonic acid at elevated temperatures to afford the desired product after purification. These compounds are converted to the corresponding amides by treatment with isobutylchloroformate and ammonia. The amides are then converted to the desired amine products with Y = C(R4)=C(R5) by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride or to the desired amine products with Y = C(R4R5)C(R4R5) by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride followed by catalytic hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired product after purification. Treating tricyclic ketones in a Reformatskij reaction affords the desired product after purification. Reduction with LiAlH4 in a suitable solvent affords the alcohol products with R3 = OH after purification. Activation of one of the hydroxyl groups with sulfonylchlorides in a suitable solvent followed by treatment with NaN3 affords the desired compounds after purification. Reduction of the azide reaction products with a catalyst in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds after purification. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired products after purification. Treating the amines with R3 = OH with acid in a suitable solvent yields the desired unsaturated amine products. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired products after purification. General synthetic schemes (7-9) for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R3 = nitrile, amide, tetrazolyl or N-alkyl-tetrazolyl Substituted or unsubstituted suberylchlorides are treated in a suitable solvent with a slight excess of AgCN and heated to afford the desired product after purification. The nitrile containing compound is then treated with sodium hydride in a suitable solvent and heated. The mixture is then treated at rt with a suitable dibromoalkane and heated to give an intermediate which after treatment with sodium azide or potassium phthalimide in an appropriate solvent and heating affords the desired compound after purification. Treating the mixture after the addition of sodium hydride at rt with a suitable sulfamidate in an appropriate solvent affords the desired Teoc-protected compound after heating for several hours and subsequent purification. Catalytic hydrogenation of compounds with R' = N3 in a suitable solvent and in the presence of a slight excess of acid affords the free amine compounds. Coupling of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (CHO-D) via reductive amination and subsequent purification affords the final desired compounds with R3 = CN. Catalytic hydrogenation of compounds with R3 = CN and R' = N3 in a suitable solvent and in the presence of a slight excess of acid affords the free amine compounds. Treatment of the hydrogenation products with sulphuric acid affords the desired compounds after purification. In case R1 = R2 ≠ COOH, the amines are reacted with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired final compounds with R3 = CONH2 and R1 = R2 ≠ COOH, CONR4R5, COOMe. In case R1 = COOH, the amines are treated with Boc2O in a suitable solvent to afford the Boc-protected amines. These compounds are then treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by treatment with an amine to yield the desired compounds after purification. The compounds are then treated with acid, followed by reaction with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired final compounds with R3 = CONH2 and R1 = CONR4R5 after purification. The compounds with R3 = CN and R' = N-phthaloyl are treated with an excess of trimethylsilyl azide and Bu2SnO in an appropriate solvent and heating to afford the desired compounds with R3 = tetrazolyl and R' = N-phthaloyl. In case R1 = R2 ≠ COOH, the compounds are treated with hydrazine hydrate at elevated temperature in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired amines with R3 = tetrazoyl. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R3 = tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 ≠ COOH, CONR4R5, COOMe after purification. In case R1 = COOMe, the compounds are treated with an appropriate amine in a suitable solvent to afford the free amine compounds. Protection of the amines with Boc2O affords the Boc- protected products after purification. Saponification of the ester moieties affords the desired NH-Boc-protected carboxylic acid derivatives. The acid derivates are then treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine to afford the desired products after acid treatment The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R3 = tetrazoyl and R1 = CONR4R5 after purification. The NH Teoc-protected compounds with R3 = CN and R1= R2 = COOMe or R1 = R2 = Hal were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and an excess of base at elevated temperatures in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compounds with R3 = CONH2 after purification. The same NH Teoc protected compounds are also reacted with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in a suitable solvent to yield the desired compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl after purification. Further reaction of the compound with R3 = tetrazoyl with methyl iodide and base in a suitable solvent leads to the formation of the desired compound with R3 = N-Me-tetrazoyl after purification. For the compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = COOMe, Hal, the Teoc protecting group is removed by treatment with acid to afford the desired amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = COOMe, Hal after purification. For the compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = COOMe, the ester moieties are removed by treatment with base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired dicarboxylic acid derivatives after purification. Treatment of these compounds with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine yields the desired amine compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = CONR4R5 after purification. Cleavage of the Teoc protecting group with acid affords the corresponding amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = CONR4R5 after purification. To obtain the desired final compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R1 = R2 = COOH after purification, the amide formation steps 2 and 3 are omitted. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R3 = heteroaryl (e.g., oxadiazolone or trifluroroxadiazole) The NH Teoc-protected compounds with R3 = CN and R1= R2 = COOMe were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and a base at elevated temperatures, followed by diethylcarbonate in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compounds with R3 = oxadiazolone after purification. In case trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and base are used in a suitable solvent for step 2 of the above scheme, the desired compounds with R3 = CF3-oxadiazole are obtained after purification. The compounds with R3 = oxadiazolone and R3 = CF3-oxadiazole are then treated with base to afford the dicarboxylic acid derivatives. These acids are treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine to afford the desired NH-Teoc protected compounds with R3 = oxadiazolone, CF3-oxadiazole and R1 = R2 = CONR4R5 after purification. Cleavage of the Teoc protecting group with acid affords the corresponding amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compounds with R3 = oxadiazolone, CF3-oxadiazole and R1 = R2 = CONR4R5 after purification. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R3 = tetrazole and Y = CONR4 Anthraquinone derivatives are treated with sodium azide and sulphuric acid in a suitable solvent to yield the desired compounds. These compounds are then treated with alkyl halides and base in a suitable solvent to obtain the desired compounds after purification. Reaction of theses compounds with tosylmethyl isocyanide and base in a suitable solvent, follwed by treatment with dibromoethane and potassium phthalimide affords the desired compounds with R3 = CN and R' = N-phthaloyl after purification. The reaction of these compounds with trimethylsilyl-azide and dibutyltin oxide in a suitable solvent affords the compounds with R3 = tetrazoyl and R' = N-phthaloyl. Cleavage of the protecting group with hydrazine hydrate affords the desired amines, which are reacted with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired final compound with R3 = tetrazoyl. The desired final compound with R3 = tetrazoyl and R4 = H can be obtained by omitting the alkylation step with alkyl halides in the above scheme. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazinones of this invention with R14a,b=(=O) A commercially available hydroxyl-proline derivative is treated with base and alkylated with allylbromide in an appropriate solvent to afford the allyl-protected amino acid after purification. This compound is then treated at -30°C with an appropriate base, triflic anhydride and then an appropriately protected diamino acid in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. After cleavage of the ester moiety with palladium(0) in an appropriate solvent, the compound is treated with EDCI and base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. Cleavage of Fmoc protecting group by treatment with an suitable base affords the desired product. The free amine is then treated in the presence of an suitable polymer supported base with sulfonyl chlorides, acid chlorides or isocyanates to afford the desired compounds after purification. Removal of the Boc-protecting group with acid in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compounds after purification. Starting with the enantiomers of the amino acid derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazinone derivatives can be made. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazinones of this invention with R13a,b = (=O) After removing the Fmoc group of the commercially available amino acid with Et2NH, the primary amine is treated in an appropriate solvent with aldehydes or ketones in a reductive amination reaction to afford the desired products. Alternatively, the commercially available N-Boc-protected hydroxy amino acid ester can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. The nucleophilic displacement reaction of the triflate with commercially available amines affords the desired products, after saponification of the ester moiety with base and purification. These compounds are then treated with EDC1 and a base in an suitable solvent to afford the cyclic amides after purification. These compounds are converted to the desired products by removing the Boc-protection group. These compounds are then reacted in a suitable solvent with a cyclic sulfamidate, derived from a serine derivative, in the presence of base. Saponification of the ester of the reaction product with a suitable base yields the desired acid compounds after purification. Further treatment of the free acids with EDCI in the presence of an appropriate base and a suitable amine derivative, followed by acidic removal of the Boc-protecting group yields the desired compounds after purification. Starting with the enantiomers of the amino acid and amine derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazinone derivatives can be made. General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazines of this invention with R13a.b and R14,b = H The commercially available bridged piperazine derivate is treated with a commercially available aziridine ester in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. After acidic removal of the Boc-protection group, the desired product reacts in presence of a base with an acid chloride or sulfonic acid chloride to yield the desired products after purification. After basic saponification, the free acids are treated with EDCI in the presence of an appropriate base and a suitable amine derivative to afford the desired compounds after purification. The Cbz-protecting group is then removed by treatment with TMSI and subsequent purification to afford the desired final compounds. Starting with the enantiomers of the amine and aziridine derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazine derivatives can be made. As can be seen by the generic schemes, each of the structures of"B" bonds to the "A" structures on its left side and to the "D" structures on its right side as each is depicted below. The compound A-B-D chooses an "A" which The "B" structures are chosen from: Desirably, B is one of structure (a), (b), (c), and (d). More desirably, B is structure (b) The "D" structures are chosen from: The substituents are selected as follows: In one embodiment, each occurrence of R20, and R21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; R50 is, in each occurrence, selected from optionally substituted or unsubstituted R4,CN, NO2, S(O)tNR20R21, S(O)tR20, C(O)OR20, C(O)R20, C(=NRa)NR20R21, C(=NR20)NR21Ra, C(=NOR20)R21 or C(O)NR20R21; each occurrence of R7 and R8 are each independently: halogen, CF3, COR4, OR4, NR4R5, NO2, CN, SO2OR4, CO2R4, CONR4R5, CO2H, SO2NR4R5, S(O)tR4, SO3H, OC(O)R4, OC(O)NR4R5, NR4C(O)R5, NR4CO2R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NRa)NHR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NR4)NHRa, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4C(=NR4)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)-NH-CN, O-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4-(C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2R4, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted; R9 is -H or C1-6 alkyl; R10 is -H or -CN U is-CH2 or -C(O)-; W is-CH2-, -S- or -CF2- Y is -CH2-CH2-; m is 1, 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; p is 0, 1 or 2; q is 0 to 6; and t is 0, 1, or 2. In another embodiment, the compound is further defined as: In another embodiment, the compound is further defined as: In another embodiment, the compound is further defined as: In another embodiment of the compound of formula (I): In another embodiment the compound of Formula (I) as described above is used to prevent or treat a condition selected from an early cardiac disease, early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, Heart Failure, and Heart Failure associated diseases. Described is a method of preparing a compound of the following formula: including The method is further defined in that the reduction step (b) is performed using oxalylchloride and pyridine in DMF, or (2) with TFAA in CH2Cl2. The method is further defined in that, the cleaving step (c) is performed with ozone. The method is further defined in that, the reducing agent in step (c)(1) or (c)(2) is dimethylsulfide. Described is also a method of preparing a compound of the following formula: including: The method is further defined in that the reduction step (b) is performed using oxalylchloride and pyridine in DMF, or with TFAA in CH2Cl2. The method is further defined in that the cleaving step (c) is performed with ozone. The method is further defined in that the reducing agent in step (c)(1) or (c)(2) is dimethylsulfide. Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enatiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention. The DPP-IV inhibition activity of the DPP-IV inhibitor compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring DPP-IV inhibitor activity is described. The synthesis of DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the invention and their biological activity assay are described in the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way. All reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. Proton (1H) spectra were recorded on a 250 MHz NMR spectrometer in deuterated solvents. Chromatography was performed using Roth silica gel (Si 60, 0.06-0.2 mm) and suitable organic solvents as indicated in specific examples. For flash chromatography Roth silica gel (Si 60, 0.04-0.063 mm) was used. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel plates with UV detection. Preparative thin layer chromatography (Prep-TLC) was conducted with 0.5 mm or 1 mm silica gel plates (Merck Si 60, F254) and the solvents indicated in the specific examples. Commercially available prolinamide (5 g) was first treated with bromacetylbromide (4.2 ml) in CH2Cl2 and then with trifluoracetic acid anhydride in CH2Cl2 as described in Commercially available L-prolinamide (25 g) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1200 ml) and triethylamine (30 ml) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.9 g) added. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C and treated with fumaryl chloride (11.7 ml). The dark mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h and cooled to 0 °C. TFAA (77 ml) was added dropwise under stirring and the solution allowed to warm to rt over 6 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 to 2 days. Ice (500 g) was added followed by cautious addition of sat. NaHCO3 (600 ml). After the evolution of gas had ceased, the organic phase was separated and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (350 ml), H2O (350 ml), and brine (200 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (28.6 g; 98%).1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 2.12-2.30 (m, 8H), 3.58-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2 H), 4.72-4.83 (m, 2H), 7.26 (s, 2H). The title compound from Step A above (9.6 g) was dissolved in CHCl3 (90 ml) and MeOH (90 ml) and cooled to -78 °C. At -78 °C a slow flow of ozone (originating from an O2 cylinder) was passed through the mixture for 3 h. The mixture was purged with N2 and dimethylsulfide (6 ml) added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, allowed to reach rt and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 100:0-> 92:8) to afford the title compound as a mixture of the aldehyde and methoxy hemiacetal in a ratio of ∼1:9 (8.9 g; 69 %).1HNMR δ (D2O) 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.84 (m, 2H),4.72-4.81 (m, 1H), 5.5 (s, 9/10H), 7.9 (s, 1/10 H). Commercially available 2-cyano-3-methyl pyridine (25 g) was dissolved in t-butanol (50 ml) and stirred at 80°C. Concentrated sulphuric acid (25 ml) was slowly added over a period of 45 minutes. After complete addition of the acid stirring was continued at 80°C for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with water (50 ml) and toluene (125 ml). The pH was adjusted to 10 with 25% aqueous ammonia (110 ml). The separated organic phase was concentrated in vacuum affording the desired product (27 g, 90 %).1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 1.4 (s, 9H), 2.7 (s, 3H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 1H), 7.6 (m, 1H), 8.1 (s br, 1H), 8.4 (m, 1H) The title compound of Step A (12 g) above was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and cooled to - 64°C. n-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 77 ml) was added over a period of 30 min. After addition of sodium bromide (0.6 g) stirring was continued for 30 min at -64°C. m-Chlorobenzylchloride (11 g) was added while the temperature was kept below -55°C, The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at -60°C and for further 2 h at -10°C. Subsequently, the reaction was quenched with water (100 ml) and concentrated. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform (3 x 100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuum affording the title compound (22 g; 82 %).1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 1.4 (s, 9H), 2.9-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.4 (m, 6H), 8.0(s br, 1H), 8.4 (m, 1 H) The title compound of Step B (21.5 g) above was dissolved in phosphorus oxychloride (80 ml) and refluxed for 5 h. The reaction was concentrated and neutralized with 50% aqueous NaOH. The solid was separated and washed with hot isopropanol to afford the title compound (10.4 g; 63 %)1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 2.9-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.4(m, 1H), 7.4-7.5(m, 1H), 8.5-8.6 (m, 1H) The title compound of Step C (10 g) above was dissolved in trifluorosulfonic acid (80 ml) and stirred at 60°C for 1 h. At rt 6 N aqueous HCl (80 ml) was dropwise added. The reaction was refluxed for 1 h and subsequently, poured on ice. After neutralization with 50% aqueous NaOH the precipitate was separated, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropanol/water (3.1) affording the title compound. The mother liquor was concentrated and the residue washed with water and chloroform to afford additional title compound (9.4 g; 94%).1HNMR δ (MeOD-d4) 3.3-3,4 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 2H), 7.5 (m, 2H), 8.1-8.2 (m, 2H), 8.7 (d, 1H), 8.9 (d, 1H) The title compound of Step D (700 mg) above was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and cooled to 0°C. NaBH4 (95 mg) was added in one portion. The mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was acidified with 1 N HCl and subsequently, brought to pH 12 with 1 N NaOH. The mixture was poured in water (100 ml) and extracted with CHCl3 (100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated affording the title compound (705 mg; 100 %).1HNMR δ (MeOD-d4) 3.0-3,4 (m, 4H), 6.1(s,1H), 7.1.7.3 (m, 3H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 2H), 8.3.8.4 (m, 1H) The title compound of step E (370 mg) above was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and cooled to -15°C. Thionyl chloride (286 mg) was slowly added and the reaction was allowed to come to RT and run overnight. The solution was neutralized with triethylamine and directly used in the next step. The title compound from Preparative Example 3 Step E (285 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (10ml) and 10% Pd/C (100 mg) and ammonium formiate (916 mg) were added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 h. Subsequently, the reaction was treated with water (20 ml) and extracted twice with chloroform (50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane 1:4) to afford the title compound (200 mg; 82 %).1HNMR δ (MeOD-d4) 2.9-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.6 (m, 2H), 6. 3 (s, 1H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 4H), 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.8 (m, 1 H), 8.3 (m, 1 H) The title compound of Step A (200 mg) above was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and cooled to -15°C. Thionyl chloride (235 mg) was slowly added and the reaction was allowed to come to RT and run overnight The solution was neutralized with triethylamine directly used. To a cooled solution (12 °C) of commercially available ethylenediamine (30 ml) was added within 5 min commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (3.3 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and then K2CO3 (5.8 g) was added. After an additional 30 min at rt, the mixture as filtered, the salts washed with 5 ml ethylenediamine and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 80 ml EtOAc, 20 ml H2O and 5 ml NH4OH-solution (25%). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (3.4 g; 93 %; MH+ = 253). The title compounds from Preparative Example 6 to 9 were prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 5 using the chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below. In case the chlorides did not dissolve in the amines after 10 Min, CH3CN or THF was added until a clear solution was obtained. Commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (300 mg) and 4-N-Boc-amino-piperidine (290 mg) were suspended in CH3CN (10 ml). After 10 min K2CO3 (545 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 ml) and H2O (15 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (460 mg; 89 %; MH+ = 393). The title compound from Step A above (460 mg) Was dissolved in a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (335 mg; 97 %; MH+ = 293). The title compounds from Preparative Example 11 and 12 were prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 10 using the chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below. To a suspension of AgCN (4.7 g) in CH3CN (60 ml) under nitrogen was added at rt a solution of commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (6 g) in CH3CN (60 ml) and benzene (10 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The salts were washed with 20 ml CH3CN and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc%yclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (5 g; 87 %; MNa+ = 242). A suspension of LiAlH4 (360 mg) in Et2O (20 ml) was slowly treated with a solution of AlCl3 (950 mg) in Et2O (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min and then the title compound from Step A above (1.03 g) was added within 5 min. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min and then refluxed for 8 h. After the addition of H2O (20 ml) and 25% NH4OH (6 ml), the mixture was filtered and the salts washed with H2O (20 ml) and Et2O (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (157 mg; 15 %; MH+ = 224). To a solution of commercially available iminodibenzyl (5 g) in toluene (25 ml) was added commercially available bromoacetylbromide (4.35 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h 30 Min, cooled and concentrated. A portion of the crude product (800 mg) was dissolved in DMA (6 ml) and treated with NaN3 (815 mg). The mixture was heated at 60-70 °C overnight and diluted with EtOAc (30 ml) and H2O (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was treated with EtOAc%yclohexane (1:9) (2 ml), sonicated for 2 min and the solvents removed by syringe. The residue was dried to afford the title compound (483 mg; 69 %; MH+ = 279). The title compound from Step A above (483 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (25 ml) and 10% Pd/C (100 mg) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (415 mg; 95 %; MH+ = 253). To a suspension of LiAlH4 (242 mg) in THF (6 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step B above (322 mg) in THF (6 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C, quenched with H2O (0.3 ml) and diluted with 15% NH4OH-solution (0.3 ml) and H2O (0.8 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, filtered and the salts washed with THF (8 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9: 1) to afford the title compound (79 mg; 26 %; MH+ = 239). A mixture of commercially available dibenzosuberenol (1.5 g) and malonic acid (830 mg) was heated at 160-170 °C for 2 h. A mixture of H2O (5 ml) and 0.1 M HCl (5 ml) was added and the mixture cooled to rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 ml) and H2O (10 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2 -> CH2Cl2/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (775 mg; 43 %; MNa+ = 273). A mixture of title compound from Step A above (775 mg) and triethylamine (0.59 ml) in THF (20 ml) was cooled to -40 °C and treated with isobutylchloroformate. After stirring at -40 °C for 1 h, the mixture was filtered and the salts washed with THF (5 ml). The filtrates were then treated at 0 °C with 25% NH4OH (15 ml) for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (60 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was treated with CHCl3 (1.5 ml), the solvent removed by syringe and the residue dried to afford the title compound (677 mg; 88 %; MH+ = 250). To a suspension of LiAlH4 (513 mg) in THF (15 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step B above (677 mg) in THF (25 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C, quenched with H2O (0.65 ml) and diluted with 4 M NaOH-solution (2.5 ml) .The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, filtered and the salts washed with THF (15 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (560 mg; 88 %; MH+ = 236). The title compound from Step C above (350 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (15 ml) and 10% Pd/C (300 mg) and 1 M HCl (1.5 ml) were added. The mixture was hydrogenated overnight, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) and sat. NaHCO3 (10 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (232 mg; 66 %; MH+ = 238). The intermediate from Preparative Example 14 Step A (1 g) was dissolved in DMA (6 ml) and treated with NaCN (368 mg). The mixture was heated at 60-70 °C overnight and diluted with EtOAc (50 ml) and H2O (15 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (282 mg; 34 %; MH+ = 263). To a suspension of LiAlH4 (123 mg) in THF (6 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step A above (282 mg) in THF (6 ml). The mixture was heated at 50 °C for 2 h, cooled to 0 °C and treated with H2O (0.2 ml) and 4 M NaOH (0.8 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, treated with MgSO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5 -> CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9: 1) to afford the title compound (32 mg; 12 %; MH+ = 253). To a suspension of magnesium (701 mg) in Et2O (7 ml) was slowly added ethylbromide (2.15 ml). After the formation of the Grignard reagent, the mixture was cooled to 5 °C and a solution of diethylamine (3 ml) in Et2O (5 ml) was slowly added, The mixture was refluxed for 30 Min, cooled to 5 °C and treated with a mixture of commercially available dibenzosuberone (3 g) and tert-butylacetate (1.95 ml) in Et2O (15 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled to rt and poured onto ice- water containing an excess of NH4Cl. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 100 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc%yclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (3.5 g; 75 %; MNa+ = 347). To a suspension of LiAlH4 (346 mg) in THF (12 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step A above (2 g) in THE (12 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled to 0 °C and treated 4 M NaOH (4.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml), H2O (10 ml) and sat. NH4Cl (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 3:7) to afford the title compound (937 mg; 60 %; MNa+ = 277). The title compound from Step B above (937 mg) was dissolved in benzene (1.5 ml) and pyridine (1.5 ml). The mixture was cooled to 5 °C and treated with a solution of p-tosylchloride in benzene (1.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 7 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 ml) and washed with 0.1 M HCl (10 ml), sat. NaHCO3 (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The crude intermediate was dissolved in DMA (9 ml) and treated with NaN3 (1.2 g). The mixture was heated at 70 °C overnight and the DMA removed. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml), sat. NaHCO3 (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was separated dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (704 mg; 68 %; MNa+ = 302). The title compound from Step C above (200 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (8 ml) and 10% Pd/C (40 mg) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h 30 Min, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (175 mg; 96 %; MH+ = 254). The title compound from Step D above (75 mg) was dissolved in EtOH (1 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (1 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 ml) and sat. NaHCO3 (5 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (67 mg; 96 %; M+ - NH3= 219). The title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (1.1 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and added to a suspension of NaH (132 mg) in THF (5 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h, cooled to rt and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (0.9 ml) in THF (1 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 4 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The salts were washed with THF (5 ml) and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (12 ml) and treated with NaN3 (1.6 g). The mixture was heated at 60-70 °C overnight and the DMA removed. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (40 ml) and H2O (10 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc%yclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (1.14 g; 78 %; MH+ = 289). The title compound from Step A above (510 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (20 ml) and 10% Pd/C (150 mg) and 2 M HCl (0.9 ml) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h 30 Min, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5 to CH2Cl2/MeOH, 4:1) to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine (450 mg; 96 %; MH+ = 263). The title compounds from Step B above (350 mg) were treated with 2 ml 57% H2SO4. The mixture was heated at 100 °C for 3 h, cooled to rt and diluted with H2O (10 ml). The mixture was made alkaline (pH ∼11) by adding 10% NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 30 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1 to CH2Cl2/MeOH (7 M NH3), 9:1) to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine (223 mg; 60 %; MH+ = 281). Commercially available ( Imidazole (4.1 g) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (50 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Thionyl chloride (1.3 ml) dissolved in CH2Cl2 (10 ml) was added dropwise and the resulting suspension was allowed to warm to rt. Stirring was continued for 1h at rt and then the mixture was cooled to -78 °C. A solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.8 g) in CH2Cl2 (50 ml) was added over a period of 1 h and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filter aid was washed well with CH2Cl2. The organic phase was diluted with CH2Cl2, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to a volume of approx. 100 ml. A solution of NaIO4 (4.3g) in water (100 ml) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. Ru(IV)O2 hydrate (150 mg) was added and the black suspension was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. It was then warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried and filtered. Treatment of the filtrate with activated charcoal (2g) for 30 min removed traces of ruthenium. The mixture was filtered again and evaporated to yield the title compound (1.5 g, 63%).1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 4.29-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dd, 1H). The title compound from Preparative Example 20 was prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 19 using the aminoalcohol as indicated in the Table below. To a stirred solution of the commercially available 2-(S)-amino propanol (17.4 g) in water (200 ml) was added a solution of triethylamine (32 ml) in dioxane (200 ml). To the solution was added commercially available 1-[2-(Trimetylsilyl)ethoxy-carbonyloxy]pyrrolidin-2,5-dione (60 g). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, then diluted with water (200 ml), acidified with 1 N HCl, and extracted with Et2O (2 x 500 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford the title compound (44.2 g; 87 %).1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 0.02 (s, 9H), 0.90-1.05 (m, 2H), 1,20 (d, 3H), 2.80 (br s, 1H), 3.40-3.80 (m, 3H), 4.10-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.85 (s, 1H). Imidazole (96 g) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1200 ml) and cooled to 0 °C. Thionyl chloride (30.8 ml) was diluted with CH2Cl2 (600 ml) and added dropwise. The resulting suspension was allowed to warm to rt. Stirring was continued for 1 h at rt and then the mixture was cooled to -78 °C. A solution of the title compound from Step A above (44.2 g) in CH2Cl2 (1200 ml) was added over a period of 1 h and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite, the filter aid was washed well with CH2Cl2. The organic phase was washed with water (2 x 700 ml), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to a volume of approx. 1000 ml. ' A solution of NaIO4 (100 g) in water (1000 ml) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. RuO2 x H2O (1 g) was added and the black suspension was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. It was then warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The phases were separated and the organic phase was treated with granulated charcoal (∼ 20 g). The mixture was stirred for approx. 1 h, filtered through celite and the filtrate was dried with MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to yield the title compound (50.7 g, 89 %).1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 0.02 (s, 9H), 1.00-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.50 (d, 3H), 4.15 (dd, 1H), 4.35-4,45 (m, 3H), 4.65 (dd, 1H). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 21 but using the aminoalcohols as indicated in the Table below, the title compounds were obtained. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 21 but using the aminoalcohols as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired products. A suspension ofNaH (132 mg) in THF (10 ml) was added to a solution of Preparative Example 13 Step A (1.1 g) in THF (20 ml) and heated at 60 °C for 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0 °C and a solution of Preparative Example 19 (1.2 g) in THF (10 ml) was added. The suspension was heated at 60 °C for 4 h and then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO4. Removal of the solvents and column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) afford the title compound (1.7g, 90 %, MH+ = 377). The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g) was dissolved in 57 % H2SO4 and the solution was heated at 100 °C for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was discarded and 50%-aqueous KOH solution added to the aqueous phase until pH > 8. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 75 ml). The organic phase was washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford the title compound. (600 mg, 53 %).1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.82 (s, 2H), 2.37-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.92 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 4H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 7.08-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.40-7.48 (m, 2H). The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 47 using the sulfamidate from Preparative Example 20 as indicated in the Table below. Commercially available 2,5-dibromotoluene (8.28 ml) was dissolved in hexane (90 ml) and treated with a 1.6 M solution of butyllithium in hexane (160 ml). The mixture was heated at 60 °C for 20 h, cooled to rt and poured onto a mixture of dry ice in Et2O (750 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt, filtered and the precipitate washed with 90 ml Et2O. The precipitate was titrated with 140 ml glacial acetic acid to afford the title compound (10 g; 92 %).1H-NMR δ (DMSO-d6) 2.58 (s, 3H), 7.80-7.90 (m, 3H) The title compound from Step A above (13 g) was suspended in MeOH (300 ml) and slowly treated with thionyl chloride (15.7 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h to become a clear solution. The solvents were concentrated to afford the title compound (13.3 g; 88 %; MH+ = 209). The title compound from Step B above (13.3 g) was dissolved in CCl4 (500 ml) and commercially available N-bromosuccinimide (10.7 g) added. The mixture was heated to 80 °C and commercially available AIBN (327 mg) added. The mixture was then irradiated with a 100 W light bulb and heated at 100-105 ° C for 2 h 30 min. The cooled mixture was filtered and the precipitate washed with 50 ml CCl4. The filtrates were concentrated and the residue dissolved in CH3CN (180 ml). The mixture was treated with triphenylphosphine (16 g) and heated under reflux for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated to ∼ 100 ml and Et2O (500 ml) added. The mixture was allowed to stand at rt for 30 Min, filtered and the precipitate washed with Et2O (30 ml) to afford the title compound (20 g; 57 %). The title compound from Step C above (20 g) was suspended in CH3CN (160 ml) and commercially available 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde (5.4 ml) added. The mixture was then treated with commercially available DBN (10 ml) and heated at 100 °C for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H2O (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml), the organic phase washed with 5% HCl (2 x 75 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was suspended in H2O (240 ml) and MeOH (20 ml) and KOH (20 g) added. The mixture was heated at 100 °C for 16 h, cooled to rt and washed with CH2Cl2 (3 x 75 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified (pH ∼ 1) by adding conc. HCl, filtered, the precipitate washed with H2O (20 ml) and air-dried. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (900 ml) and 10% Pd/C (1.5 g) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered, the catalyst washed with MeOH (50 ml) and concentrated to afford the title compound (8.6 g; 82 %; MH+ = 289). The title compound from Step D above (1.44 g) was suspended in sulfolane (9 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (30 g). The mixture was heated under N2 at 170-175 °C for 3 h and poured onto ice-water (150 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (20 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (1 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in Et2O (100 ml) and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2) to afford the title compound (960 mg; 67 %; MH+ = 285). The title compound from Step E (1420 mg) was dissolved in CHCl3 (20 ml) and MeOH (20 ml) and treated with NaBH4 (230 mg). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and poured onto ice-water (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (1420 mg; 99 %, M++ Na = 309). The title compound from Step F above (1420 mg) was dissolved in THF (20 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (0.91 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h and concentrated without heating. The residue was dissolved in CH3CN (17 ml) and treated with AgCN (785 mg). The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 h 30 Min, filtered and the salts washed with CH3CN (40 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2) to afford the title compound (1160 mg; 79 %; MH+ = 296). The title compound from Step G above (1327 mg) was dissolved in degassed THF (15 ml) and added to a suspension ofNaH (119 mg) in degassed THF (5 inl). The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 1 h 15 min and cooled to rt. The mixture was then treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (0.81 ml) in THF (1 ml) and the mixture was heated at 90 °C for 4 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with 100 ml EtOAc, 10 ml brine and 10 ml sat. NH4Cl. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (10 ml) and treated with NaN3 (720 mg). The mixture was heated at 60 °C for 16 h and diluted with EtOAc (100 ml) and brine (15 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1 m HCl (15 ml) and brine (15 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (931 mg; 57 %; MH+ = 365). The title compound from Step H above (1050 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (40 ml). The mixture was treated with concentrated HCl (0.25 ml) and 10% Pd/C (250 mg). The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (20 ml). The filtrates were concentrated to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine in a 9:1 ratio (950 mg; 97 %; MH+ = 339). The title compounds from Step I above (950 mg) were treated with 57 % H2SO4 (5 ml) and heated under N2 at 90 °C for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with H2O (80 ml) and made alkaline (pH ∼ 10) by adding 50% NaOH. The mixture was washed with EtOAc (20 ml) and the aqueous phase diluted with dioxane (40 ml). The mixture was treated with an excess of Boc2O and stirred at rt for 16 h while the pH was kept at pH ∼ 10.0. The mixture was acidified to pH ∼ 4.0 by adding 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1) to elute the cyclic amidine side product, followed by CH2Cl2/MeOH (4:1) to afford the title compound (282 mg, 23 %; MNa+ = 465). The title compound from Step J above (135 mg) was dissolved in THF (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.056 ml). The mixture was cooled to -40 °C and treated with ethyl chloroformate (0.031 ml). The mixture was stirred at -40 °C for 1 h, diluted with 4 ml THF and treated at 0 °C with 33% aqueous ammonia solution (10 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and then 1 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (80 ml) and washed with brine (25 ml), sat. NH4Cl (25 ml and brine (25 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (97 mg, 72 %, MNa+ = 464). The title compound from Step K above (94 mg) was treated with 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (2.5 ml) and the flask was agitated for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in 5 ml H2O. The mixture was filtered through a Millex VV (0.1 The title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (3.3 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and slowly added to a suspension ofNaH (540 mg) in THF (10 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux for 30 min, cooled to rt and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (4 ml). The reaction was stirred at 60°C overnight, cooled to rt and filtered. The solvent was removed affording the title compound (4.8 g; 98 %)1HNMR δ CDCl3 2.9-3.2 (m, 6H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 6H), 7.9-8.0 (m, 2H) The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g) and potassium phthalimide (13.8 g) were suspended in DMF (20 ml) and stirred at 100°C overnight. The precipitate was removed and the reaction was concentrated in vacuum. Chromatography of the residue on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) afforded the title compound (1.4 g; 78 %).1HNMR δ CDCl3 2.8-2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.8 (m, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 6H), 7.6-7.7 (m, 2H), 7.7-7.8 (m, 2H), 7.9-8.0 (m, 2H) The title compound from Step B above (1.40 g) was dissolved in toluene (30 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (446 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (2.3 ml). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 90°C overnight. Additional dibutyltin oxide (200 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (2.3 ml) were added and the reaction was continued for 24 h at 90°C. The solvent was removed and the residue was treated with EtOAc (30 ml) and 1 N HCl (30 ml) at 50 °C for 1 h. The phases were separated and the organic phase was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 39 %, MH+ = 436). The title compound from Step C above (200 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml) and treated with hydrazine hydrate (100 mg) at rt. The solution was heated at 80°C for 2 h and then stirred for 1h at rt. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was treated with CHCl3 and filtered again. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the title compound (60 mg, 43 %, MH+ = 306). Commercially available 2-bromo-4-fluorotoluene (5 g) was diluted with diethyl ether (10 ml). About 1/3 of the resulting solution was added to magnesium turnings (761 mg) which were overlayed with Et2O (25 ml). The remaining 2-bromo-4-fluorotoluene solution was added dropwise after the reaction started. The reaction was kept at reflux for 2 h. The Grignard reagent was poured onto a mixture of crushed dry ice in Et2O (750 ml). The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt. The solvent was removed, the resulting residue was treated with EtOAc (100ml) and extracted with aqueous 1 N HCl (100ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (2.3 g; 56 %).1H-NMR δ CDCl3 2.5 (s, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.7 (m, 1H) The title compound from Step A above (2.3 g) was dissolved in THF (50 ml). Methyl iodide (0.95 ml) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.2 ml) were added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (2.3 g; 90 %).1H-NMR δ CDCl3 2.6 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.6-7.7 (m, 1H) The title compound from Step B above (8.9 g) and commercially available N-bromosuccinimide (14 g) were suspended in CCl4 (500 ml). The mixture was heated to 80 °C and AIBN (270 mg) added. The mixture was irradiated with a 100 W light bulb and heated at 100-105 °C for 3.5 h. The cooled mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in CH3CN (150 ml). The mixture was treated with triphenylphosphine (14 g), heated under reflux for 3 h and then concentrated. The residue was suspended in CH3CN (160 ml) and treated with commercially available 3-fluorobenzaldehyde (6.5 g) and DBN (13 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. The reaction was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H2O (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x 150 ml), the organic phase separated and concentrated. The residue was suspended in 1:1 H2O/MeOH-mixture (100 ml) and treated with KOH (30 g). The mixture was stirred at 60 °C overnight, cooled to rt and washed with CHCl3 (3 x 100 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified (pH ∼ 1) by adding conc. HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was separated and concentrated. The crude residue was suspended in sulfolane (20 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (25 g). The mixture was heated under N2 at 200 °C for 2 h, poured onto ice-water (150 ml) and stirred at rt overnight The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in Et2O and extracted with H2O. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.0 g; 31 %; MH+ = 245). The title compound from Step C above (5.4 g) was dissolved in CHCl3 (5 ml) and MeOH (30 ml) and treated with NaBH4 (1.4 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was suspended in CHCl3 (50 ml) and extracted with aqueous HCl (50 ml; pH = 1). The organic phase was separated, concentrated, then resuspended in toluene and concentrated again. The residue was dissolved in toluene (50 ml). SOCl2 (3.94 ml) was added at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred overnight at RT. The solvent was removed and the remaining material was suspended in toluene and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH3CN (50 ml) and treated with AgCN (2.96 g). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h and then stirred at 60°C overnight. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.4 g; 78 %).1H-NMR δ CDCl3 3.1-3.2 (m, 4H), 5.3 (s, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.4 (m, 1H) The title compound from Step D above (1.5 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and slowly added at rt to a suspension of NaH (212 mg) in THF (10 ml). The mixture was heated at 60°C for 30 min, then cooled to 0°C and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (2.3 ml). The reaction was stirred at 60°C for 3 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the title compound (2.1 g; 99 %).1H-NMR δ CDCl3 2.8-3.0 (m, 4H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.2 (m, 4H), 7.6 (m, 1H), 7.8-7.9 (m, 1H) The title compound from Step E above (2.1 g) and potassium phthalimide (5.4 g) were suspended in DMF (30 ml) and stirred at 60 °C overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in CHCl3, filtrated and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (1.91 g; 76 %)1HNMR δ CDCl3 2.8-3.2 (m, 4H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.9 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.1-7.2 (m, 1H), 7.7-8.0 (m, 6H) The title compound from Step F (1.90 g) was dissolved in toluene (20 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (553 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (3.7 ml). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 90°C for 4 d. The reaction was quenched with aqueous 1 N HCl (20 ml) and stirred for 1 h at 50 °C. The phases were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene and the combined organic phase concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc%yclohexane) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 33 %, MH+ = 472). The title compound from Step G above (300 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml) and treated with hydrazine hydrate (127 mg). The solution was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h and subsequently stirred for 1 h at rt. The solvent was removed and the residue treated with 1 N HCl (20 ml) and CHCl3 (10 ml). The aqueous phase was separated, filtered and concentrated affording the title compound (240 mg, 100 % MH+ = 342). Commercially available 2,4-dichlorotoluene (24.6 g) and dry copper(I) cyanide (50 g) in N-methylpyrrolidone (130 ml) were heated under reflux (200-216 °C) for 4 d. While hot (110 °C), the mixture was poured into a flask containing 33 % aq. NH4OH solution (390 ml) and toluene (100 ml) and stirred to break up the lumps. After the mixture was cooled to rt, Et2O (100 ml) was added and filtered through cloth. The precipitate was washed (2 x 100 ml Et2O/CHCl3 1:1). The dark filtrate was poured into a separatory funnel and the phases were separated with the aid of additional Et2O (100 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O/CHCl3 1:1 (2 x 100 ml). The combined organic phases were washed with 10 % NH4OH solution (4 x 110 ml, until the basic phase was no longer blue), with H2O (100 ml), and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was mixed with NaOH (24.8 g) and diethylene glycol (275 ml) was added together with a few drops of H2O. The mixture was heated at 215 - 220 °C overnight. The cooled mixture was diluted with H2O (220 ml) and acidified to pH 1 with 10% aq. HCl. The suspension was filtered and the precipitate washed with 0.1 N HCl (50 ml). The solid was crystallised from glacial acetic acid to afford the title compound (18.4 g, 78 %; MH+ = 181). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step B, the title compound from Step A above (22.1 g) was reacted to afford the title compound (30.0 g, 100 %).1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.65 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 7.32 (d, 1H), 8.04 (dd, 1H), 8.56 (d, 1H). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step C, the title compound from Step B above (30.0 g) was reacted. Differing from the cited example, the final mixture was allowed to stand over the weekend to form the precipitate. After filtration, the crude title compound was obtained (38.0 g, 100 %; [M-Br]+ = 469). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step D, the title compound from Step C above (38.0 g) was reacted. Differing from the cited example, the hydrogenation was run for 2 days. (29.2 g, 77 %; MH+ = 289). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step E, the title compound from Step D above (4.32 g) was reacted and the title compound obtained (1.77 g, 41 %; MH+ = 285). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step F, the title compound from Step E above (2.39 g) was reacted and the title compound obtained (2.45 g, 100 %; MNa+ = 309). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step G, the title compound from Step F above (3.07 g) was reacted and the title compound was obtained (2.17 g, 69 %; MH+ = 296). The title compound from Step G above (2.17 g) was dissolved in THF (30 ml) and added to a suspension of NaH (250 mg) in THF (9 ml). The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 1 h 15 min and cooled to rt. The mixture was then treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (1.6 ml) in THF (3.7 ml) and the mixture was heated at 90 °C for 4 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with 200 ml EtOAc, 20 ml brine and 20 ml sat. NH4Cl. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2) to afford the bromoethyl intermediate (1.42 g, 50%; [MNH4]+ = 419) and starting material (636 mg, 24%). The bromoethyl compound (1.42 g) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (18 ml) and treated with potassium phthalimide (1.96 g). The suspension was stirred at 80 °C overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml), H2O (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 ml) and the combined organic phase dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1525 mg; 92 %; MH+ = 469). The title compound from Step H above (1475 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (25 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (784 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (8.3 ml). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 90 °C for 3 days. The solvent was removed, the residue dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 ml) and 10%. NaHCO3 (100 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 70 ml) and the combined organic phase dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1216 mg, 75 %, MH+ = 512). The title compound from Step I above (1216 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (14 ml) and Et3N (0.66 ml). The mixture was cooled to 5 °C and N,N'-dimethylaminopropylamine (0.71 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 25 h and subsequently evaporated, toluene (10 ml) added, evaporated again and dried in HV. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (8 ml) and H2O (8 ml). To the slightly turbid solution was added Boc2O (2.6 g) and Et3N (1.2 ml) and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. After evaporation of the solvent, H2O (20 ml) was added and the solution acidified to pH ∼ 4.0 by adding 1 M HCl and the aqueous solution extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (15 ml), separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH) to afford the title compound (567 mg, 50 %, MNa+ = 504). The title compound from Preparative Example 52 (215 mg) was dissolved in THF (4 ml) and 33 % NH4OH solution (40 ml) was added. The solution was stirred in a closed vessel at 80 °C overnight. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and subsequently evaporated to dryness. The crude product, which consisted of a mixture of the amide (MNa+ = 489) and the free acid (MNa+ = 490), was dissolved in anhydrous THF (8.5 ml) and triethylamine (0.28 ml) added. The ensuing precipitate was dissolved by adding anhydrous CH3CN (6 ml). The mixture was cooled to -40 °C and ethylchloroformate (0.17 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at - 25 °C for 1 h and allowed to warm to 0 °C. At 0 °C 7 M NH3/MeOH-solution (10 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and for 1 h at rt. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H2O (14 ml) and THF (3 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH ∼ 4.0 by adding 0.1 N HCl and the aqueous phase - after addition of brine (10 ml) - extracted with EtOAc containing 10% THF (4 x 33 ml) and CH2Cl2 containing 10 % THF (1 x 25 ml)). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (15 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (241 mg; 100 %, MNa+ = 489). The title compound from Step A above (240 mg) was suspended/dissolved in CH2Cl2/MeOH 4:1 (5 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (7 ml) added after which a clear solution was obtained. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc containing 10% THF (25 ml) and 0.01 N HCl (25 ml). The organic phase was extracted with H2O (25 ml) and 0.01 N HCl (25 ml). The combined aqueous phase was concentrated to afford the title compound (162 mg, 90 %, MH+ = 367). The title compound from Preparative Example 49 Step C (47.6 g) was suspended in CH3CN (350 ml) and commercially available 3-bromobenzaldehyde (13.9 ml) added. After the addition of DBN (24 ml), the mixture was heated at 100 °C for 1 h. The mixture was cooled and the precipitate collected by filtration to afford the trans-olefin (7.5 g). The mother liquor was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H2O (300 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2x 300 ml), the organic phase washed with 5% HCl (2 x 80 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. To this residue was added the trans olefin from above and the mixture was suspended in H2O (500 ml), MeOH (60 ml) and dioxane (60 ml). After the addition of KOH (47 g), the mixture was heated at 60 °C for 16 h, cooled to rt and washed with CH2Cl2 (3 x 100 ml). The aqueous phase was made acidic (pH ∼ 1) by adding conc. HCl, filtered, the precipitate washed with H2O (150 ml) and air-dried to afford the title compound as a mixture of cis/trans-olefins (26.5 g; 88 %; MH+ = 347). The title compound from Step A above (6 g) was dissolved in MeOH (450 ml) and EtOAc (150 ml). After the addition of a suspension of 5% Pt/C (2.5 g) in 10% HCl (5 ml) and MeOH (10 ml), the mixture was hydrogenated for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the catalyst washed with MeOH (60 ml) and the filtrates evaporated to afford the title compound (5.5 g, 91 %).1HNMR δ (DMSO-d6) δ 2.81-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.27 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.39-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.95 (m, 3H) The title compound from Step B above (4 g) was suspended in sulfolane (9 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (30 g). The mixture was heated under N2 at 175-180 °C for 2 h 30 min and poured into ice-water (250 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the precipitate collected by filtration to afford the crude title compound (3.56 g; 94 %; MH+ = 331). The title compound from Step C above (3.5 g) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (25 ml) and CuCN (900 mg) added. The mixture was heated at 200 °C for 8 h, cooled to rt and diluted with H2O (200 ml) and 1 M HCl (50 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 ml) and the combined organic phase washed with H2O (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (50 ml) and conc. HCl (50 ml) added. The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 18 h and the solvents evaporated. The residue was suspended in MeOH (75 ml), treated with SOCl2 (1.5 ml) and heated under reflux for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was concentrated to half its volume, diluted with Et2O (300 ml) and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (80 ml) and brine (80 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (1040 mg; 27 %; MH+ = 325). The title compound from Step D above (1040 mg) was dissolved in CHCl3 (15 ml) and MeOH (15 ml) and the NaBH4 (150 mg) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with ice water (80 ml) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2 -> CH2Cl2/acetone, 95:5) to afford the title compound (817 mg, 78 %, MNa+ = 349). The title compound from Step E above (817 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 ml) and treated with SOCl2 (0.46 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the solvents evaporated. The residue was dissolved in CH3CN (10 ml) and benzene (5 ml) and added to a suspension of AgCN (406 mg) in CH3CN (10 ml). The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 5 h, filtered and the salts washed with CH3CN (10 ml). The filtrates were evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (572 mg, 68 %, MH+ = 336). The title compound from Step F above (676 mg) was suspended in THF (20 ml) and DMF (5 ml) and treated under a N2 atmosphere with NaH (106 mg). The mixture was heated at ∼ 95 °C for 75 Min, cooled to rt and treated with a solution of 1,2-dibromoethane (0.7 ml) in THF (3 ml). The mixture was then heated at 95 °C for 10 h, cooled to rt and treated with sat. NH4Cl (15 ml) and EtOAc (100 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with brine (15 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (8 ml) and treated with potassium phthalimide (554 mg). The mixture was heated at 60 °C overnight, the solvent removed and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml) and H2O (15 ml). The organic. phase was separated, washed with brine (15 ml) and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (740 mg, 72 %, MNH4+ = 526). The title compound from Step G above (600 mg) was suspended in toluene (5 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (138 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (1.45 ml). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 90-95 °C for 3 d and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in MeOH (10 ml) and the solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) water (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (415 mg, 68 %, MH+ = 552). The title compound from Step H above (415 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.23 ml). The mixture was cooled to 0 °C and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (0.23 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min and at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in MeOH (10 ml), again concentrated and dried in HV. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (5 ml) and H2O (5 ml) and the pH adjusted to pH = 8-9 by adding 1 M KOH. The mixture was then treated with Boc2O (870 mg) and stirred overnight The mixture was adjusted to pH = 4 by adding 1 M HCl and diluted with EtOAc (150 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2 x 75 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5 -> 4:1) to afford the title compound (227 mg, 58 %, MH+ = 522). The title compound from Step I above (227 mg) was dissolved in dioxane (10 ml) and 1 M KOH (3.75 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the pH adjusted to pH = 4 by adding 1 M HCl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, containing 10 % THF (2 x 150 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (177 mg, 82 %; MH+ = 494). If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 54, but using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde in Step A and omitting Step D, one would obtain the desired compound. The title compound from Preparative Example 54 (177 mg) was dissolved in THF (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.2 ml) added. The precipitate was dissolved/suspended by adding CH3CN (3 ml). The mixture was cooled to -40 °C and ethylchloroformate (0.1 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at - 25 °C for 1 h and allowed to warm to 0 °C. At 0 °C 7 M NH3/MeOH-solution (7 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and 1 h at rt. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H2O (10 ml) and THF (2 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH ∼ 4.0 by adding 100 mM HCl and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (4 x 30 ml) containing 10 % THF. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound (110 mg; 62 %, MNa+ = 514). The title compound from Step A above (103 mg) was dissolved in THF (2 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (5 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in H2O (20 ml) and washed with EtOAc (2 x 8 ml). The aqueous phase was concentrated, the residue dissolved in 50 mM HCl (6 ml) and filtered through a Millex W (0.1 If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 56, but using the title compound from Preparative Example 55, one would obtain the desired compound. A suspension of NaH (66 mg) in THF (10 ml) was added to a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (0.57 g) in THF (20 ml) and heated at 65 °C for 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0 °C and a solution of Preparative Example 21 (0.74 g) in THF (10 ml) was added. The suspension was heated at 65 °C for 5 h and then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO4. Removal of the solvents and column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) afford the title compound (630 mg, 58 %, MH+ = 421). The title compound from Step A above (632 mg) was dissolved in DMF (10 ml) and treated with NaN3 (1.2 g) and NH4Cl (963 mg). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 110 °C for 3 d and the solvent evaporated. Column chromatography (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9: 1) afford the title compound (350 mg, 51 %, MH+ = 464). The title compound from Step B above (350 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 ml) and treated with TBAF·3H2O. The mixture was stirred at rt for 4h and the solvent evaporated. Preparative TLC using CH2Cl2/MeOH (4:1) afford the title compound (121 mg, 50 %, MH+ = 320). Commercially available 2-Brom-5-chlor-toluene (123 g) was diluted with Et2O (70 ml) and 10 % of this solution was added to a mixture of Mg (15.2 g) and iodine (3 crystals) in Et2O (250 ml). After the Grignard reaction had started, the remaining starting material was added at such a rate to maintain gentle reflux. After the complete addition of the starting material, the mixture was heated at 60 °C oil-bath temperature for 45 Min. The mixture was then cooled to rt and poured onto a mixture of dry-ice in Et2O (1800 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt over a period of 2 h and the solvent removed. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc (1200 ml) and washed with 3 N HCl (3 x 1000 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (94.3 g, 92 %)1HNMR δ (DMSO-d6) 2.51 (s, 3H), 7.33 (dd, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 12.9 (br-s, 1H) The title compound from Step A above (47 g) was dissolved in THF (500 ml) and the mixture cooled to -60 °C. At -60 °C a 1.3 M solution of sec-BuLi (455 ml) in hexane was slowly added as to keep the internal temperature below -30 °C. The precipitate began to dissolve after the addition of more than half of the sec-BuLi solution. After the complete addition of sec-BuLi, the deep red solution was stirred at - 50 °C for 1 h. The anion solution was then transferred via canula to a cooled (-40 °C) solution of commercially available 3-chlor-benzylbromide (62.3 g) in THF (150 ml). The addition of the anion was at such a rate as to maintain - 40 °C during the addition. After the addition of the anion was completed, the mixture was stirred at -40 °C for 1 h and was then allowed to warm to rt over a period of 3 h. The reaction was quenched by adding 2 M NaOH (1000 ml) and the THF removed in vacuo. The remaining solution was extracted with cyclohexane (2 x 500 ml) and the aqueuous phase acidified to Ph = 1 by adding conc. HCl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 400 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (71 g, 87 %).1HNMR δ (acetone-d6) 2.83-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.31 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.40 (m, 6 H), 7.98 (d, 1H). The title compound from Step B above (71 g) was suspended in sulfolane (250 ml) and PPA (700 g) added. The mixture was stirred with a mechanical stirrer and heated at 170 °C oil-bath temperature for 9 h. The hot mixture (∼ 120 °C) was then poured onto crushed-ice (4000 g) and stirred overnight. The precipitate was allowed to settle for 30 Min and the aqueous phase decanted. The residue was dissolved in Et2O (1500 ml) and washed with 1 M NaOH (2 x 500 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (50 g, 75 %).1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 3.16 (s, 4 H), 7.23 (d, 2 H), 7.32 (dd, 2 H), 8.0 (d, 2H) The title compound from Step C above (25 g) was dissolved in toluene (160 ml) and added to a mixture ofKCN (11.7 g), dipiperidinomethane (7.26 ml), sulfolane (2 ml) and 1,4-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane (6 g). The mixture was degassed by sonication under a stream of nitrogen and then palladium(II)-acetate (1.6 g) was added. The mixture was then heated in a sealed glass reaction vessel at 160 °C oil-bath temperature for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with CH2Cl2 (800 ml) and washed with H2O (300 ml) and brine (300 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (90 ml) and sonicated. The suspension was then treated with cyclohexane (400 ml) and allowed to stand for 30 Min. The precipitate was collected by filtration and air-dried to afford the title compound (18 g, 77 %, MH+ = 259). The title compound from Step D above (18 g) was suspended in EtOH (75 ml) and H2O (20 ml) and the KOH (19.3 g) added. The mixture was heated at 100 °C oil-bath temperature for 12 h, concentrated and the residue dissolved in H2O (500 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH = 1 by adding conc. HCl and the precipitate collected by filtration and air-dried to afford the title compound (19.5 g, 95 %, MH+ = 297). The title compound from Step E above (19.5 g) was suspended in MeOH (600 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (29 ml). The mixture was then heated at 90 °C oil-bath temperature for 3 h, the hot mixture filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (800 1) and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (200 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (18.8 g, 88 %, MH+ = 325). The title compound from Step F above (18.8 g) was dissolved in CHCl3 (250 ml) and MeOH (250 ml). The mixture was then treated with NaBH4 (2.47 g) in small portions. After the complete addition of the reducing agent, the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was poured into ice-water (800 ml), the organic phase separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (300 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2 to CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2 to CH2Cl2/acetone, 95:5) to afford the title compound (11.9 g, 63 %, MNa+= 349). The title compound from Step G above (11.9 g) was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0 °C. At 0 °C thionyl chloride (6.5 ml) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo to afford the crude title compound.1HNMR δ (CDCl3) 2.93-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.78-7.86 (m, 4H). The title compound from Step H above was dissolved in CH3CN (300 ml) and benzene (95 ml). After the addition of AgCN (5.9 g) the mixture was heated at 95 °C oil-bath temperature for 2 h 45 Min. The mixture was filtered while hot and the salts washed with CH2Cl2 (100 ml). The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (11.3 g, 92 %, MH+ = 336). The title compound from Preparative Example 59 Step C (9.5 g) was dissolved in CHCl3 (100 ml) and MeOH (60 ml) at 0°C. The mixture was then treated with NaBH4 (1.64 g) in small portions. After the complete addition of the reducing agent, the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. Water (50 ml) was added and the mixture was concentrated to half of its volume and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The crude product was used without further purification (9 g, 90 %, MNa+= 301). The crude title compound from Step A above (9 g) was dissolved in THF (100 ml) and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. At 0 °C thionyl chloride (7.1 ml) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (9.2 g). The title compound from Step B above (9.2 g) was dissolved in CH3CN (180 ml) and benzene (60 ml). After the addition of solid AgCN (5.2 g) the mixture was heated at 90 °C oil-bath temperature for 2.5 h. The mixture was filtered while hot through celite and the salts washed with CH2Cl2 (200 ml). The filtrate was concentrated to give the crude title compound (8.66 g, 93 %, MH+ = 288). The title compound from Preparative Example 59 (3.8 g) was suspended in THF (50 ml) and DMF (35 ml). The mixture was treated under a N2 atmosphere with NaH (408 mg) and the mixture was heated at ∼ 95 °C oil-bath temperature for 90 Min, cooled to rt and treated with the title compound from Preparative Example 21 (4.78 g). The mixture was then heated at 90-95 °C for 4 h, cooled to rt and quenched with sat. NH4Cl (75 ml) and brine (90 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (5 g, 82 %, MH+ = 537). The title compound from Step A above (5 g) was dissolved in DMA (90 ml) and treated with NaN3 (5.9 g) and NH4Cl (4.8 g). The mixture was heated under a N2 atmosphere at 100-105 °C for 50 h. The cooled mixture concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (600 ml) and H2O (200 ml). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH = 4 by adding 1 M HCl and the organic phase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 80 ml) and the combined organic extracts washed with 100 mM HCl (200 ml) and brine (200 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH 9:1 → 4:1) to afford the title compound (4 g, 74 %, MH+ = 580). The title compound from Step B above (4 g) was dissolved in dioxane (153 ml). After the addition of 1 M KOH (42.5 ml), the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated and then 43 ml 1 M HCl added. The precipitate was dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml) and H2O (100 ml) and the organic phase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (100 ml) and the organic phase combined. The solvent was then removed to afford the title compound (3.9 g, quant., MH+ = 552). Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 61 but using the sulfamidates and compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, the title compounds were obtained. If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 59 according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 61, but using the sulfamidate as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the title compound. The title compound from Preparative Example 61 Step A (1000 mg) was suspended in MeOH (10 ml) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (517 mg) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (1.4 ml) added. The mixture was heated in a pressure bottle at 110 °C for 12 h and then the solvent removed. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 1:3 -> 1: 1) to afford the title compound (210 mg, 20 %, MH+ = 570). The title compound from Step A above (180 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and sodium methoxide (233 mg) and diethyl carbonate (1130 mg) added. The mixture was heated at 110 °C in a pressure bottle overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CHCl3) to afford the title compound (110 mg, 58 %, M+ - 27 = 568). The title compound from Step B above (110 mg) was dissolved in THF (25 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (6 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, 1M HCl (2.8 ml) was added and the solvents removed to afford the crude title compound (105 mg, quant., M+ - 27 = 540). Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) was suspended in anhydrous MeOH (14 ml) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) added. This mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the title compound from Preparative Example 61 Step A (1400 mg) was added. The resulting mixture was heated in a closed vessel at 100 °C overnight and subsequently allowed to cool down to rt. Due to incomplete conversion, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) were added and the mixture was heated again at 100 °C for 20 h. After cooling down to rt, the salts were filtered off and washed with EtOAc (15 ml) and CHCl3 (15 ml). The united organic phases were evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 8:2 -> 6:4) to afford the title compound from Preparative Example 66 Step A (300 mg, 20 %, MH+ = 570) and the title compound (1130 g, 74 %, MNa+ = 577). The title compound from Step A above (1380 g) was dissolved in THF (30 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (9 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, 1M KOH (9 ml) was added and stirring continued for 22 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 4 M HCl to pH 2-3, extracted with EtOAc/THF 10/1 (4 x 40 ml) and the combined organic extracts washed with brine (20 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1220 mg, quant., M+ - 27 = 499, MNa+ = 549). The The title compounds A (267 mg; MNa+ = 766) and B (36 mg, MNa+ = 670) from Step A above were dissolved in dioxane (11 ml) and water added (11 ml). The resulting suspension was treated with 1M NaOH (3.6 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, the reaction mixture was acidified with 1M HCl to pH 2-3, extracted with EtOAc (4 x 40 ml) and the combined organic phases dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (282 mg, quant., MNa+ = 642). To the title compound of Preparative Example 61 Step A (500 mg) in anhydrous DMF (10 ml) was added K2CO3 (123 mg). After cooling down to 0° C, methyl iodide (75 The title compounds from Step A above (170 mg of the 1-Me-tetrazole and 163 mg of the 2-Me-tetrazole) were separately dissolved in dioxane (5.5 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (1.5 ml) each. After stirring at rt for 3 h, the reaction mixtures were concentrated to 1/3 of their volumes and the pH adjusted to 3 with 1M HCl. The resulting aq. suspension was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 25 ml) and the combined organic phases dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compounds: the 1-Me-tetrazole (171 mg, quant., M+ - 27 = 524) and the 2-Me-tetrazole (172 mg, quant., M+ - 27 = 524). The title compound from Preparative Example 61 (2 g) was dissolved in THF (75 ml) and CH3CN (75 ml) and triethylamine (4 ml) added. The mixture was cooled to -40 °C and ethylchloroformate (2.3 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at - 25 °C for 1 h, filtered and the salts washed with 35 ml THF. The filtrate was placed in a cooling bath (- 20 °C) and a 33 %-solution of NH4OH (30 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at -20 °C for 30 min and 15 min at rt. Since LC-MS indicated that the conversion was not complete, the mixture was concentrated. The reaction was repeated using the same reaction conditions. After the second run LC-MS indicated that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated to afford the crude title compound together with salts from the reaction (MNa+ = 572). The crude title compound from Step A above was suspended in CHCl3 (25 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0 °C. At 0 °C TFA (25 ml) was added and stirring at 0 °C was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H2O (15 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH = 7.0 by adding 10 % NaOH and the neutral solution loaded onto a RP-column (Merck; silica gel 60 RP-18, 40-63 Treating the compounds from the Preparative Examples with the amines as indicated in the Table below, according to a modified procedure as described in Preparative Example 70, the title compounds were obtained as HCl-salts.: Modifications: - Step A The crude mixture from Step A was dissolved in H2O and the pH adjusted to pH = 4.0 by adding 1 M HCl. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvents removed. - Step B The residue after removal of the Teoc protecting group was diluted with 1M HCl and the aqueous phase washed with EtOAc. Concentration of the aqueous phase afforded the title compound as HCl-salt. Commercially available anthraquinone (8.0 g) was suspended in CHCl3 (100 ml) and conc. H2SO4 (20 ml) was added. The resulting biphasic system was rapidly stirred and NaN3 (3.1 g) was added in portions at rt. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt and at 30-40 °C (water bath) for another 3 h. After the addition of ice water (80 ml), the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound (8.40 g; 97 %; MH+ = 224). The title compound from Step A above (8.0 g) was dissolved in DMSO (140 ml) under N2 at 10 °C. After the addition of KO Tosylmethyl isocyanide was dissolved in DMSO (10 ml) under N2 at 10 °C and KO The title compound from Step C above (0.6 g) was dissolved in toluene (30 ml) under N2 and dibutyltin oxide (1.68 g) and trimethylsilyazide (8.9 ml) were added. The mixture was then heated at 75 °C for 24 h. The mixture was concentrated, the residue suspended in EtOAc (40 ml) and 1 M HCl (40 ml) and stirred for 2 h at rt. MeOH (10 ml) was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 20 ml) and the combined organic phase was washed with brine (20 ml), dried over MgSO4 and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (MeOH/CH2Cl2) to afford the title compound (565 mg; 84 %; MH+ = 465). The title compound from Step D above (0.22 g) was dissolved in EtOH (7 ml) and CHCl3 (3 ml) and the mixture was heated to 80°C. Hydrazine monohydrate (0.108 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 1 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt within 1 h. The precipitate was removed by filtration and washed with EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in CHCl3 (20 ml) and 1 M HCl (10ml). The aqueous phase was separated, filtered and evaporated to afford the title compound (85 mg; 48 %; MH+ = 335). To a solution of the commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid ethylester (15.7 g) in methylene chloride (90 ml) was sequentially added at rt di-tert-butyldicarbonate(24 g) and a catalytic amount of DMAP (120 mg). After stirring for 6 h at rt the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated brine and extracted with methylene chloride.(3 x 30 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2) to afford the title compound (16,3 g, 63%, MNa+ = 280). A solution of the title compound from Step A above (16.3 g) in toluene (100 ml) was cooled to -78°C and triethylborohydride (67 ml of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise over 90 minutes. After 3 h, 2,6 lutidine (43 ml) was added dropwise followed by DMAP(20 mg). To this mixture was added TFAA (11 ml) and the reaction was allowed to come to ambient temperature over 2 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and water and the organics were washed with 3 N HCl, water, aqueous bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 5:1) to afford the title compound (10.9 g, 72 %, MNa+ = 264). A solution of the title compound from Step B above (3.5 g) in 1,2 dichloroethane (75 ml) was cooled to -15 °C and Et2Zn (25 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise. To this mixture was added drop wise ClCH2I (4.5 ml) over 30 minutes. After stirring for 18 h at -15 °C the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous bicarbonate and the solvent was evaporated and the reaction was taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 4: 1) to afford the diastereomerically pure title compound (1.5 g, 41 %, MNa+ = 278). A solution of the title compound from Step C above (1.4 g) in MeOH (40 ml) and THF (20 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (10 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 2 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to afford the title compound (1.2g, 96 %, MNa+ = 250). To a solution of the title compound from Step D above (1.2 g) in THF (20 ml) was added at -15°C 4- methylmorpholine (710 To a stirred solution o of the title compound from Step E above (0.9 g) in methylene chloride (5 ml) was sequentially added at 0 °C TFA (5 ml). After stirring for 12 h at 0 °C the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (0.9 g, 100%, MH+ = 127). The title compound from Step F above (450 mg) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (12 ml) and triethylamine (0.4 ml). The mixture was cooled to 0 °C and DMAP (25 mg) was added followed by fumarylchloride (0.099 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C and allowed to warm to rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated to afford the crude title compound (MH+ = 333). To a cooled (0 °C) solution of DMF (4 ml) was carefully added oxalylchloride (0.32 ml). After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 5 min. Then pyridine (0.6 ml) was added followed by a solution of the crude title compound from Step G above in DMF (2 ml) and CH2Cl2 (4 ml). The mixture was then stirred at 0 °C for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml) and brine (25 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2 x 25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (250 mg, 92 %, MH+ = 297). The title compound from Step H above (328 mg) was dissolved in CHCl3 (3 ml) and MeOH (3 ml). The mixture was then treated with ozone according to Preparative Example 2 Step C to afford the title compound (350 mg, 80%, MH+ = 165 (aldehyde); MH+ = 219 (hemiacetal)). To a stirred solution of potassium hydroxide (1.2 g) in ethanol (10 mL) was sequentially added at rt the commercial available bis(tert.-butyldicarbonyl)amine (4.5 g). After stirring for 1 h at rt the reaction mixture was quenched with ether and the precipitate was filtered and washed with ether (3x10 mL) to afford the title compound (3.4g) The title compound from Step A above (95 mg) was dissolved in CHCl3 (2.25 ml) and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (0.18 ml) added. To the mixture was then added TFA (0.75 ml) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in CH3CN (3 ml) and concentrated again. The residue was dissolved in 100 mM HCl (3 ml) and EtOAc (3 ml). The aqueous phase was separated, washed with EtOAc (2 ml) and concentrated. The residue was suspended in CH3CN (1.5 ml), sonicated for 1 min and the CH3CN removed by syringe. The residue was then dried in HV to afford the title compound (42 mg, 84 %, MH+ = 154). Commercially available N-cyclohexylcarbodiimde-N'-methyl polystyrene resin (1.9 g) was suspended in 5 ml dichloromethane and agitated for 5 Min. The commercially available amino acid (468 mg) and amine (86 mg), prepared from the commercially available hydrochloride by adding 1 eq. pyridine, were dissolved in 1.5 ml dimethylformamide and added to the above resin. The mixture was agitated for 16 h, filtered and the resin washed with 2 x 5 ml dichloromethane and 5 ml methanol. The combined filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH2Cl2/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (500 mg; 91 %).1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.45 (9 H,s), 2.05-2.30 (4H, m), 3.25-3.40 (1H, m), 3.50-3.70 (2H, m), 3.80-3.90 (1H, m), 4.15-4.25 (1H, m), 4.30-4.40 (2H, m), 4.55-4.65 (1H, m), 4.70-4.80 (1H, m), 5.50-5.60 (2H, m), 7.25-7.40 (4H, m), 7.55-7.65 (2H, m), 7.70-7.80 (2H, m). The title compound from Step A above (500 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 ml) and treated with diethylamine (10 ml). After 2 h the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH2Cl2/MeOH, 4:1) to afford the title compound (224 mg; 80 %).1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.45 (9H,s), 1.70 (2H,s), 2.05-2.30 (4H, m), 2.95-3.05 (2H, m), 3.70-3.85 (2H, m), 4.35-4.50 (1H, m), 4.75-4.85 (1H, m), 5.50-5.60 (1H, m). Preparative Examples 126-129 have been intentionally excluded. Commercially available 2-formyl-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (330 mg) in anhydrous THF (5 ml) was cooled to 0 °C and trimethyl-trifluoromethylsilane (300 µl) added, followed by addition of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (60 µl; 1 M in THF). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and then stirred for 1 h. After dilution with diethyl ether, the organic phase was washed with brine and the aqueous phase extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO4) and evaporated to afford the title compounds as a 1:1 mixture of alcohol and TMS ether (490 mg, 97 %, [MH-Boc]+ = 242 (TMS ether); [MH-Boc]+ = 170 (alcohol)). The title compounds from Step A above (721 mg) in dichloromethane (5 ml) were added to Dess Martin periodinane (2.32 g) in dichloromethane (15 ml) with stirring. Trifluoroacetic acid (410 µl) was added dropwise and the turbid reaction mixture stirred for 17 h at rt, after which it was directly coated on silica and purified by column chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc 90:10 -> 80:20) to afford the title compound (301 mg, 45 %, [MH-Boc]+ = 168). To the title compound from Step B above (106 mg) in dioxane (500 Preparative Examples 131-199 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 61 and in Preparative Example 44, except using the sulfamidates as indicated in the Table below in Step A of Preparative Example 61, one would obtain the title compounds, listed in the following Table in the "product" column. Examples 295-299 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 59 with the sulfimidate from Preparative Example 22 according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with NaN3 as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with acetic acid anhydride in pyridine at 100°C for 2 h one would obtain, after the removal of the pyridine under reduced pressure and after column chromatography, the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70 one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 300, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and anhydrides or acid chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 336-399 were intentionally excluded. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 66, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and hydroxylamine hydrochlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below and treat the products according to Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 435-499 were intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A with conc. HCl in acetic acid according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 49 Step J, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step A but using hydrazine instead of an amine, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to stir the title compound from Step C above with 1 eq. ethyl isocyanate in DMA one would obtain after removing of DMA and the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above with a 2% aqueous NaOH at 100°C for several hours one would obtain after neutralisation, precipitation and recrystallisation from ethanol the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 500, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and hydrazines and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 536-599 were intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the intermediate from Preparative Example 300 Step A with dry HCl gas in EtOH/CHCl3 at 0 °C and set aside for 10 days, one would obtain after removal of the solvents the imidate hydrochloride. If one were to treat the imidate hydrochloride with NH3 in dry EtOH and heat it to reflux for 7 h, one would obtain, after filtration and evaporation of the filtrate followed by recrystallization, the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with Boc2O according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 49 Step J but without the acid treatment, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above according to Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 600 except using the amines and appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 636-679 were intentionally excluded. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 67 and 70, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 688-699 were intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and base according to Preparative Example 67 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to Preparative Example 67 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from step B above with Lawesson's Reagent in toluene and heat the mixture to reflux for 4 h, one would obtain after column chromatography the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with formic acid hydrazide (Pellizzari-Synthesis), one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 700, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples, acid hydrazides and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 736-779 were intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the starting material, which was obtained by treating the title compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 500 Step A-C, according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 780, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Example numbers 789-799 were intentionally excluded. If one were to treat commercially available 10,10-dimethyl-10 If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with the sulfamidate from Preparative Example 22 as described in Preparative Example 800, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 810, except using the azepines and sulfamidates as indicated in the able below, one would obtain the desired amine product. Examples 813-829 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to treat commercially available anthraquinone with 1.5-2 equivalents of bromine and some iodine at 160 °C, and then treat the mixture with aqueous sodium hydroxide at reflux, one would obtain the title compound, after crystallisation from glacial acetic acid. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with hot concentrated H2SO4, treat the obtained solution with A1 powder at rt and stir the mixture at rt for 3 h, one would obtain the title compound, after aqueous workup and chromatography on silica gel. If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step I, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1300 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1300, except using the sulfamidates in Step G, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 1301 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt. Examples 1310-1349 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to treat a solution of commercially available 4-chloroanthranilic acid in water and concentrated hydrochloric acid at 0 °C with a solution of sodium nitrate in water over 45 min and stir the resulting mixture at 0 °C for 1 h, one would obtain the diazonium salt solution after filtration. If one were to treat a solution of commercially available hydroxylamine hydrochloride in water at 10 °C with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and carefully pour the mixture into an aqueous solution of hydrated copper(II) sulfate and concentrated ammonia solution, one would obtain a blue solution after filtration. If one were to carefully add the diazonium salt solution from above to the blue solution over a period of 1 h and then heat the mixture at reflux, followed by the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid, one would obtain a precipitate after 3 h. If one were to collect the precipitate by filtration, wash it with water and dissolved it in a solution of sodium bicarbonate, one would obtain a clear solution after treatment with charcoal and filtration. If one were to add an excess of 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and collect the precipitate, one would obtain the title compound after crystallisation from EtOH. If one were to treat the title compound of Step A above at 400 °C for twenty-five minutes and then sublime the mixture at 250 °C under a pressure of 2 mm, one would obtain the title compound after crystallization from benzene. If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step I, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1350 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1350, except using the sulfamidates in Step G, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 1351 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt. Examples 1360-1399 have been intentionally excluded. The title compound from Preparative Example 5 (378 mg) and 419 mg K2CO3 were suspended in 3 ml THF and cooled to 0 °C. A solution of Preparative Example 1 (109 mg) in 1 ml THF was slowly added and the reaction mixture stirred at 0 °C for 2 h and then at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with 30 ml EtOAc and 10 ml H2O, the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 4:1) to afford the title compound (66 mg; 39 %; MH+ = 389). Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 1, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared. An aliquot of the title compound of Preparative Example 3 was taken and the solvent removed. The residue (67 mg) was dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and triethylamine (0.1 ml). The title compound from Preparative Example 90 (71 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by preparative TLC (CHCl3/MeOH (+ 0.1 % Triethylamine), 4:1) to afford the title compound (12 mg; 13 %; MH+ = 381). The title compound from Preparative Example 18 Step B (100 mg) and Preparative Example 2 (68 mg) were dissolved in 2 ml EtOH and 1 ml H2O. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH ∼ 6 by adding 0.1 M HCl-solution and the mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min. After the addition of NaCNBH3 (24 mg) the pH was maintained at pH ∼ 6 by the addition of 0.1 M HCl and the mixture was stirred at rt overnigth. The mixture was diluted with 30 ml EtOAc and 15 ml sat. NaHCO3/brine (1:1), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by Prep TLC (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (25.9 mg; 17 %; MH+ = 399). Following a similar procedure as described in Example 16 by dissolving the amine in a EtOH/H2O- or MeOH/H2O-mixture and adjusting the pH to pH ∼ 6-8 by either 0.1 M HCl, 3 M NaOAc or 1 M NaOH, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared. In case the reaction was not completed after 24 h as judged by HPLC, additional aldehyde from Preparative Example 2 or 89 and NaCNBH3 were added, and the reaction was continued for another 1-3 days. For the products obtained, the following purification methods were employed: If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Preparative Example 71 and Examples 28 or 29 but using the amines, carboxylic acids and aldehydes from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product. Examples 185-199 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product. Examples 390-399 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product. Examples 596-599 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product. Examples 796-799 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow'a similar procedure as that described in Examples 27 or 28, and treat the title compounds from the Preparative Examples in the table below as described in Preparative Example 69 and 71, except using the amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired product. Examples 834-999 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product. Examples 1710-1799 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to treat allyl bromide with 1.0 eq. catechol borane, heat the mixture at 100°C, distillate at reduced pressure, treat the intermediate with 2.0 eq. pinacol in THF at 0°C and room temperature, evaporate, dissolve in hexane and remove pinacol by filtration, distillate at reduced pressure, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to dissolve methylene chloride (1.0 eq.) in THF and then slowly add 1.54 NnBuLi in hexane (1.1 eq.) at-100 °C, and would then add the title compound from Step A above (1.0 equ.), dissolved in THF, cooled to the freezing point of the solution, to the reaction mixture, followed by adding a suspension of zinc chloride (0.55 eq.) in THF, cooled to 0 °C, in several portions to the reaction mixture, subsequently allowing the mixture to slowly warm to room temperature and to stir overnight, then, after evaporation of the solvent and redissolving the residue in hexane and washing with water, discarding insoluble material, drying (MgSO4) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat a fresh prepared LiHMDS solution in THF with 1 eq. of the title compound from Step B at -78°C, one would obtain after stirring overnight at rt, filtering of the precipitant and distillation of the filtrate the title compound as an oil. If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with 3 eq. of a 4 M HCl solution in dioxane at -78°C, one would obtain after stirring for 1 hour at rt and evaporation of the solvent the title compound as a HCl salt. , If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above with bromo acetyl bromide as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above with the title compound from Preparative Example 15 as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above with 6.0 eq. diethanolamine in THF at room temperature, add Et2O to the mixture, separate the precipitate by filtration, dissolve the solid in an appropriate solvent and add Dowex AG 50-X8, filtrate and evaporate the filtrate, one would obtain the title compound. Examples 1801-1849 have been intentionally excluded. Examples 1851-1899 have been intentionally excluded. If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 130 with bromoacetyl bromide as described in Preparative Example 1, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with the title compound from Preparative Example 15 as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound. Examples 1901-1949 have been intentionally excluded. The inhibitory activity of compounds against DPP-IV can be determined by DPP-IV activity was determined fluorometrically with Gly-Pro-AMC (where AMC stands for 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, Bachem AG, Switzerland) as substrate. The reaction mixture contained 10 µl of 1 ng/µl DPP-IV (R&D Systems GmbH, Germany) and 80 µl of 25 mM Tris/HCl buffer, pH 8.0. Compounds were supplied as DMSO stock solutions and diluted in assay buffer to a maximal DMSO concentration of 1 % in the assay. Prior to start of the reaction, the mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction was started by addition of 10 µl of 100 µM substrate solution. The fluorescence intensity was measured at excitation and emission wavelengths of 355 and 460 nm, respectively, in a FluoStar Galaxy Multiwell Plate (BMG Labtech, Germany). Fluorescence was determined 3 and 4 minutes after start of reaction and increase in fluorescence was used for determination of enzymatic activity. IC(50) values of tested compounds were determined via plotting enzymatic activity versus concentration of test compound and determining the concentration of test compound which yields a 50% inhibition of enzymatic activity. K(i) values were calculated using the Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition: As set forth in Table A, K(i) for each compound corresponds to A is K(i) < 6 nM, B is K(i) 6-50 nM, C is K(i) from 51-500 nM and D is K(i) from 0.5-30 µM. The present invention relates generally to pyrrolidine and thiazolidine DPP-IV inhibitor compounds. The present invention also provides synthetic methods for preparation of such compounds, methods of inhibiting DPP-IV using such compounds and pharmaceutical formulations containing them for treatment of DPP-IV mediated diseases, in particular, Type-2 diabetes. A compound of formula (I):
A-B-D (I)
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs; wherein A is:
B is:
and D is:
Qb is CH or N; and Y is divalent and is: a bond, CR4R5, O, NR4, S, S=O, S(=O)2, C(=O), (C=O)N(R4), S(=O)2N(R4), C=N-OR4, -C(R4R5)C(R4R5)-, -C(R4R5) C(R4R5)C(R4R5)-, -C(R4R5)C(R4R5)C(R4R5)C(R4R5)-, -C(R4)=C(R5)-, -C(R4R5)NR4-, -C(R4R5)O-, -C(R4R5)S(=O)t-, -(C=O)O-, -(C=NRa)N(R4)-, -(C=NRa)-, N(C=O)NR4 NR5, N(C=O)R4, N(C=O)OR4, NS(=O)2NR4 NR5, NS(=O)2R4; or aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted; R1 and R2 are each independently -F, -Cl, or -CONR4R5; R3 is -CONR4R5, tetrazolyl or oxadiazolonyl; R4 and R5 are each independently -H or alkyl or when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3-8 membered ring containing carbon atoms and may optionally contain a heteroatom selected from O, S or NR50, the 3- to 8-membered ring may be optionally substituted; Ra is hydrogen, CN, NO2 alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)tNR4R5, S(O)tR4, C(O)OR4, C(O)R4, or C(O)NR4R5; each occurrence of R20 and R21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; R50 is, in each occurrence, R20,CN, NO2, S(O)tNR20R21, S(O)tR20, C(O)OR20, C(O)R20C(=NRa)NR20R21, C(=NR20)NR21Ra, C(=NOR20)R21 or C(O)NR20R21; each occurrence of R7 and R8 are each independently: halogen, CF3, COR4, OR4, NR4R5, NO2 CN, SO2OR4, CO2R4, CONR4R5, CO2H, SO2NR4R5, S(O)tR4, SO3H, OC(O)R4, OC(O)NR4R5, NR4C(O)R5, NR4CO2R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NRa)NHR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NR4)NHRa, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4C(=NR4)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)-NH-CN, O-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4-(C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2R4, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; R9 is H or C1-6 alkyl; R10 is halogen, CF3, COR4, OR4, NR4R5, NO2, CN, SO2OR4, CO2R4, CONR4R5, CO2H, SO2NR4R5, S(O)tR4, SO3H, OC(O)R4, OC(O)NR4R5, NR4C(O)R5, NR4CO2R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NRa)NHR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NR4)NHRa, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4C(=NR4)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)-NH-CN, O-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4-(C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2R4, hydrogen, B(OH)2, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; R11 and R12 are each independently: halogen, CF3, COR4, OR4, NR4R5, NO2 CN, SO2OR4, CO2R4, CONR4R5, CO2H, SO2NR4R5, S(O)tR4, SO3H, OC(O)R4, OC(O)NR4R5, NR4C(O)R5, NR4CO2R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NRa)NHR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NR4)NHRa, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4C(=NR4)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)-NH-CN, O-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, S(O),-(CO-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4-(C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2R4, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; Qa is CH or N; U is -C(O)- , -C(=NR4)-, -(CR4R5-)p, NR50, S(=O)2, C(=O), (C=O)N(R4), N(R4)(C=O), S(=O)2N(R4), N(R4)S(=O)2, C=N-OR4, -C(R4)=C(R5)-, -C(R4R5)pNR50-, N(R50)C(R4R5)p-, - O-C(R4R5)-, -C(R4R5)S(=O)t-, -(C=O)O-, - (C=NRa)N(R4)-, -(C=NRa)-, N(C=O)NR4 NR5, N(C=O)R4, N(C=O)OR4, NS(=O)2NR4 NR5, NS(=O)2R4, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted; W is -CH2-, -S-, -CHF- or -CF2-; ZisC; m is 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; p is 0 to 6; q is 0 to 6; and t is 0, 1, or 2, C1-C4 alkyl; C2-C4 alkenyl; C2-C4 alkynyl; CF3; halo; OH; O-(C1-C4 alkyl); OCH2F; OCHF2; OCF3; COCF3; OC(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); OC(O)NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); OC(O)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; OC(S)NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); OC(S)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; ONO2; SH; S-(C1-C4 alkyl); S(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); S(O)2-(C1-C4 alkyl); SC(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); SC(O)O-(C1-C4 alkyl); NH2; N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(H)C(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)C(O)-CF3; N(CH3)C(O)-CF3; N(H)C(S)-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(S)-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)S(O)2-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)C(O)NH2; N(H)C(O)NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(O)NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)C(O)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(CH3)C(O)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(H)S(O)2NH2); N(H)S(O)2NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)S(O)2NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)S(O)2N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(CH3)S(O)2N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(H)C(O)O-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(O)O-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)S(O)2O-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)S(O)2O-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(S)NH-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(CH3)C(S)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; N(CH3)C(S)O-(C1-C4 alkyl); N(H)C(S)NH2; NO2; CO2H; CO2-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(O)N(H)OH; C(O)N(CH3)OH: C(O)N(CH3)OH; C(O)N(CH3)O-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(O)N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(O)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; C(S)N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(S)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; C(NH)N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NH)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; C(NCH3)N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NCH3)N(C1-C4 alkyl)2; C(O)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NH)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NCH3)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NOH)-(C1-C4 alkyl); C(NOCH3)-(C1-C4 alkyl); CN; CHO; CH2OH; CH2O-(C1-C4 alkyl); CH2NH2; CH2N(H)-(C1-C4 alkyl); CH2N(C1-C4alkyl)2; aryl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; and heterocyclyl. The compound of claim 1, wherein
each occurrence of R20, and R21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;
R50 is, in each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted or unsubstituted R4, CN, NO2, S(O)tNR20R21, S(O)tR20, C(O)OR20, C(O)R20, C(=NRa)NR20R21, C(=NR20)NR21Ra, C(=NOR20)R21 or C(O)NR20R21;
each occurrence of R7 and R8 are each independently: halogen, CF3, COR4, OR4, NR4R5, NO2, CN, SO2OR4, CO2R4, CONR4R5, CO2H, SO2NR4R5, S(O)tR4, SO3H, OC(O)R4, OC(O)NR4R5, NR4C(O)R5, NR4CO2R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NRa)NHR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=NR4)NHRa, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4C(=NR4)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)-NH-CN, O-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)OR4, S(O)t-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-C(O)NR4-(C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)OR4, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-C(O)-NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2NR4R5, (C0-C6)-alkyl-NR4-SO2R4, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;
R9 is -H or C1-6 alkyl;
R10 is -H or -CN
U is -CH2 or -C(O)-;
W is-CH2-, -S- or -CF2-
Y is -CH2-CH2-;
m is 1, 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
p is 0, 1 or 2;
q is 0 to 6; and
t is 0,1, or 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein:
B is structure (b); Qb is CH; U is (-CH2-)p; p is 1; R7 and R8 are each independently H or alkyl; and R9 is H. The compound of claim 1, wherein:
B is structure (b), (c) or (d); Qa is N; U is (-CH2-)p; and p is from 1 to 3 and q is 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein:
Y is -CH2-CH2-; and B is structure (a) or (b). The compound of claim 1, wherein:
R10 is -CN. A compound according to any one of claims1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims I to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the following formula:
and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1. The composition of claim 22, wherein the compound of formula (I) is:
The composition of claim 22 or 23, further comprising one or more additional drug compounds. The composition of claim 24 further comprising a drug compound selected from the group consisting of vildagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, edaglitazone, rosiglitazone, muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, metformin, phenformin, exenatide, pramlintide acetate, tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, meglitinide, repaglinide, acarbose, miglitol, lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, rosuvastatin, cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid, beta-sitosterol, ezetimibe, avasimibe, probucol, GW-501516, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentemine, sibutramine, orlistat, aspirin, azalfidine, azalfidine, enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, quinapril, tandolapril, losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, eprosartan, neprilysin, tegaserod, cisapride, norcisapride, renzapride, zacopride, mosapride, prucalopride, buspirone, cilansetron, ramosetron, azasetron, ondansetron, EPO, rimonabant SLV-319, MCC-555 and KRP-297. Compound according to any one of the claims 1 to 21, for its use to treat DPP-IV mediated diseases. The Compound for use according to claim 26 wherein the compound is used to inhibit the post-proline cleaving enzyme DPP-IV for the treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of Type II (Type-2) Diabetes, hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, renal disorders, neurodegenerative disease, anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, Type 1 diabetes, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, glomerulosclerosis, foot ulcerations and unlcerative colitis, Syndrome X, altered gastrointestinal motility, anorexia nervosa, ovarian hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, frailty of aging, neutropenia, neuronal disorders, tumor invasion and metastasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, gingivitis, hypertension, osteoporosis, intestinal injury, immunosuppression, HIV infection, hematopoiesis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and sperm motility/male contraception. Compound for use according to claim 27, for its use to treat Type-2 Diabetes. Compound according to any one of the claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from the group consisting of an early cardiac disease, early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, Heart Failure, and Heart Failure associated diseases. The Compound for use according to claim 29, wherein said condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular diseases or damages, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, pulmonary congestion, cardiac fibrosis in dilated or in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mesanglial hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia, syncopy, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass reocclusion, intermittent claudication, diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, diabetic myopathy, stroke prevention in congestive heart failure, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy, artherosclerosis, artherosclerosis in mammalian patients with hypertension of diabetes, and combinations thereof. The Compound for use according to claim 29, wherein said condition is selected from the group consisting of renal diseases or damages, renal hyperfiltration, proteinuria in chronic renal disease, renal arteriopathy as a consequence of hypertension, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, mesanglial hypertrophy, and combinations thereof. The Compound for use according to claim 29, wherein said condition is heart failure to be treated as secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and/or coronary ischemic disease. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21 for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from the group consisting of of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders and for improving memory (both short term and long term) and learning ability. The Compound for use according to claim 33, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of dementia, senile dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer related dementia, Huntington's chores, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesias, mania, Morbus Parkinson, Steel-Richard syndrome, Down's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, nerve and brain trauma, vascular amyloidosis, cerebral haemorrhage I with amyloidosis, brain inflammation, Friedrich ataxia, acute confusion disorders, acute confusion disorders with apoptotic necrocytosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease 1, and combinations thereof. The Compound for use according to claim 33 wherein said cognitive disorders is selected from the group consisting of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, age-induced memory impairment, cognitive deficits associated with psychosis, cognitive impairment associated with diabetes, cognitive deficits associated with post-stroke, memory defects associated hypoxia, cognitive and attention deficits associated with senile dementia, attention deficits disorders, memory problems associated with mild cognitive impairment, impaired cognitice function associated with vascular dementia, cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, Pick's disease, cognitive deficits due to autism, cognitive deficits post electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury, amnesic disorders, deliriums, vitamin deficiency, dementias, impaired cognitive function associated with Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit disorders and combinations thereof. The Compound for use according to claim 33 wherein the prevention of memory impairment is as a result a condition selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Pick disease, Huntington disease, AIDS, brain injury, brain aneurysm, epilepsy, stroke, toxicant exposure, mental retardation in children, Huntington's disease, and combinations thereof. The Compound for use according to claim 33, wherein said improving memory comprises improving learning speed and potential in educational and rehabilitation contexts. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from the group consisting of stimulating an immune response in a subject having or at risk of having cancer wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of basal cell carcinomas including cancers of the binary tract, bladder, urinary system, bone, brain, breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, uterine, choriocarcinoma, central nervous system, colon and rectal cancers, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, esophageal, gastric, stomach, larynx, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, renal cancers; cancers of the urinary system; cancers of eye, head and neck, oral cavity, skin, prostate; cancers of biliary tract, testicular, thyroid; intra- epithelial neoplasm, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia; and other cancers of the respiratory system, lung, small cell lung, non-small cell lung; lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, fibrosarcoma (bone or connective tissue sarcoma), rhabdomyosarcoma; and other cancers including neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinomas, liposarcoma, basal cell carcinomas, and combinations thereof. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from chronic inflammatory diseases selected from the group consisting of autoimmune disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies, asthma, and combinations thereof. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, osteoarthritis pain, anesthesia adjunct in mammalian patients undergoing surgery, chronic pain in advanced cancer, treatment of refractory diarrhea, biliary pain caused by gallstones, and combinations thereof. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition concerning mammalian patients undergoing islet/pancreas transplantation, selected from the group consisting of the prevention or the delay of transplant rejection, or allograft rejection in transplantation, the improvement of pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes patients, the improvement of pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells, and combinations thereof. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition concerning mammalian patients, selected from acne, skin disorders, scleroderma, mycoses, anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, insomnia, chronic fatigue, sleep apnea; anorexia nervosa; epilepsy; migrane; encephalomyelitis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, calcitonin-induced osteoporosis, male and female sexual dysfunction, infertility, Type 1 diabetes, immunosuppression, HIV infection, hematopoiesis, anemia, for weight reduction, and combinations thereof. A Compound according to any one of claims 1-21, for its use to prevent or treat a condition selected from the group consisting of (i) bacterial infections selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptoococcus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium difficile infection, Legionella, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella, Streptobacillus, Spirillum, Treponema, Actinomyces, Borrelia, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Gardnerella, Campylobacter, Spirochaeta, Proteus, Bacteriodes, Helicobacter pylori, and anthrax infection; (ii) mycobacterial infection selected from the group consisting of tuberculosis and leprosy; (iii) viral infections selected from the group consisting of HIV, Herpes simplex virus 1, Herpes simplex virus 2, Cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein Barr virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella-zoster virus, small pox, monkey pox and SARS; (iv) fungal infections selected from the group consisting of candidiasis, ringworm, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, chromomycosis, mycetoma infections, pseudallescheriasis, Tinea versicolor infection; (v) parasite infections selected from the group consisting of amebiasis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Fascioliasis, Leishmaniasis, Plasmodium, Onchocerciasis, Paragonimiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, Pneumocystis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Taenia, Hymenolepsis, Echinococcus, Schistosomiasis, neurocysticerosis, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichuria; and combinations thereof.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
DEFINITIONS
Generic schemes
Examples
EXAMPLES AND METHODS
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6-9
6 NH4OH 1.61 % 2.1H-NMR δ (CDCl3) 2.0 (s, 2H), 3.10-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.45 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.19 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.41 (m, 2H) 7 1.97% 2.281 8 1.60% 2.288 9 1.78% 2.1H-NMR δ (CD3OD) 2.6-2.8 (m, 4H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.6 (m, 2H), 5.2 (s, 1H), 7.1-7.2 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 1H), 7.5 (m, 1H), 8.2-8.3 (m, 1H) PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 10
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11-12
11 1. 64 % 2. 279 12 1. 56 % 2. 265 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 13
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 14
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 15
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 16
Step A
Step B B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 17
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 18
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 19
Step A
Step B B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 20
20 1. 69% 2.1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 4.29-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dd, 1H). PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 21
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 22-23
22 1. 58% 2.1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 0.02 (s, 9H), 1.00-1.15 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.10 (m, 2H), 4.25-4,40 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.65 (m, 2H). 23 1.32% (M + Na)+ = 318 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 24-46
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 47
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 48
48 1.80 % 2.1H-NMR δ (CDCl3): 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.82 (s, 2H), 2.37-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.92 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 4H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 7.08-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.40-7.48 (m, 2H). PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 49
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step_I
Step J
Step K
Step L
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 50
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 51
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 52
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step I
Step J
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 53
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 54
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step_I
Step J
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 55
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 56
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 57
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 58
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 59
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step I
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 60
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 61
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 62-64
62 59 538 63 59 566 64 60 475 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 65
65 59 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 66
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 67
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 68
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 69
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 70
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 71-87
71 61 462 72 61 434 73 61 462 74 61 490 75 61 486 76 61 546 77 62 420 78 62 447 79 63 420 80 66 478 81 67 437 82 68 530 83 69 406 1-Me-tetrazole 84 69 406 2-Me-tetrazole 85 61 Step B none 436 86 61 none 408 87 64 none 374 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 88
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 89
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step I
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 90
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 111
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 130
Step A
Step B
Step C
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 200-294
200 24 201 25 202 26 203 27 204 28 205 29 206 30 207 31 208 32 209 33 210 34 211 35 212 36 213 37 214 38 215 39 216 40 217 41 218 42 219 43 220 44 221 45 222 46 223 24 224 23 225 25 226 26 227 27 228 28 229 29 230 30 231 31 232 32 233 33 234 34 235 35 236 36 237 37 238 38 239 39 240 40 241 41 242 42 243 43 244 44 245 45 246 46 247 24 248 23 249 25 250 26 251 27 252 28 253 29 254 30 255 31 256 32 257 33 258 34 259 35 260 36 261 37 262 38 263 39 264 40 265 41 266 42 267 43 268 44 269 45 270 46 271 24 272 23 273 25 274 26 275 27 276 28 277 29 278 30 279 31 280 32 281 33 282 34 283 35 284 36 285 37 286 38 287 39 288 40 289 41 290 42 291 43 292 44 293 45 294 46 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 300
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 301-335.
301 300 NH3 302 300 NH3 303 300 NH3 304 61 NH3 305 61 NH3 306 61 NH3 307 61 NH3 308 65 NH3 309 65 NH3 310 65 NH3 311 65 NH3 312 300 CH3NH2 313 300 CH3NH2 314 300 CH3NH2 315 300 CH3NH2 316 61 CH3NH2 317 61 CH3NH2 318 61 CH3NH2 319 61 CH3NH2 320 65 CH3NH2 321 65 CH3NH2 322 65 CH3NH2 323 65 CH3NH2 324 300 (CH3)2NH 325 300 (CH3)2NH 326 300 (CH3)2NH 327 300 (CH3)2NH 328 61 (CH3)2NH 329 61 (CH3)2NH 330 61 (CH3)2NH 331 61 (CH3)2NH 332 65 (CH3)2NH 333 65 (CH3)2NH 334 65 (CH3)2NH 335 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 400-434
400 300 NH3 401 300 NH3 402 300 NH3 403 300 NH3 404 61 NH3 405 61 NH3 NH3 406 61 NH3 407 61 NH3 408 65 NH3 409 65 NH3 410 65 NH3 411 65 NH3 412 300 CH3NH2 413 300 CH3NH2 414 300 CH3NH2 415 300 CH3NH2 416 61 CH3NH2 417 61 CH3NH2 418 61 CH3NH2 419 61 CH3NH2 420 65 CH3NH2 421 65 CH3NH2 422 65 CH3NH2 423 65 CH3NH2 424 300 (CH3)2NH 425 300 (CH3)2NH 426 300 (CH3)2NH 427 300 (CH3)2NH 428 61 (CH3)2NH 429 61 (CH3)2NH 430 61 (CH3)2NH 431 65 (CH3)2NH 432 65 (CH3)2NH 433 65 (CH3)2NH 434 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 500
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 501-535
501 300 NH3 502 300 NH3 503 300 NH3 504 61 NH3 505 61 NH3 506 61 NH3 507 61 NH3 508 65 NH3 509 65 NH3 510 65 NH3 511 65 NH3 512 300 CH3NH2 513 300 CH3NH2 514 300 CH3NH2 515 300 CH3NH2 516 61 CH3NH2 517 61 CH3NH2 518 61 CH3NH2 519 61 CH3NH2 520 65 CH3NH2 521 65 CH3NH2 522 65 CH3NH2 523 65 CH3NH2 524 300 (CH3)2NH 525 300 (CH3)2NH 526 300 (CH3)2NH 527 300 (CH3)2NH 528 61 (CH3)2NH 529 61 (CH3)2NH 530 61 (CH3)2NH 531 61 (CH3)2NH 532 65 (CH3)2NH 533 65 (CH3)2NH 534 65 (CH3)2NH 535 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 600
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 601-635
601 300 CH3NH2 NH3 602 300 NH3 603 300 NH3 604 61 NH3 NH3 605 61 CH3NH2 NH3 606 61 NH3 607 61 NH3 608 65 NH3 NH3 609 65 CH3NH2 NH3 610 65 NH3 611 65 NH3 612 300 NH3 CH3NH2 613 300 CH3NH2 CH3NH2 614 300 CH3NH2 615 300 CH3NH2 616 61 NH3 CH3NH2 617 61 CH3NH2 CH3NH2 618 61 CH3NH2 619 61 CH3NH2 620 65 NH3 CH3NH2 621 65 CH3NH2 CH3NH2 622 65 CH3NH2 623 65 CH3NH2 624 300 NH3 (CH3)2NH 625 300 CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH 626 300 (CH3)2NH 627 300 (CH3)2NH 628 61 NH3 (CH3)2NH 629 61 CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH 630 61 (CH3)2NH 631 61 (CH3)2NH 632 65 NH3 (CH3)2NH 633 65 CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH 634 65 (CH3)2NH 635 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 680-687
680 300 NH3 681 61 NH3 682 65 NH3 683 300 CH3NH2 684 61 CH3NH2 685 65 CH3NH2 686 300 (CH3)2NH 687 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 700
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 701-735
701 300 NH3 702 300 NH3 703 300 NH3 704 61 NH3 705 61 NH3 706 61 NH3 707 61 NH3 708 65 NH3 709 65 NH3 710 65 NH3 711 65 NH3 712 300 CH3NH2 713 300 CH3NH2 714 300 CH3NH2 715 300 CH3NH2 716 61 CH3NH 717 61 CH3NH2 718 61 CH3NH2 719 61 CH3NH2 720 65 CH3NH2 721 65 CH3NH2 722 65 CH3NH2 723 65 CH3NH2 724 300 (CH3)2NH 725 300 (CH3)2NH 726 300 (CH3)2NH 727 300 (CH3)2NH 728 61 (CH3)2NH 729 61 (CH3)2NH 730 61 (CH3)2NH 731 61 (CH3)2NH 732 65 (CH3)2NH 733 65 (CH3)2NH 734 65 (CH3)2NH 735 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 780
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 781-788
781 61 NH3 782 65 NH3 783 300 CH3NH2 784 61 CH3NH2 785 65 CH3NH2 786 300 (CH3)2NH 787 61 (CH3)2NH 788 65 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 810
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 811-812
811 24 812 21 PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1300
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step I
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1301
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1302-1309
1302 21 NH3 1303 24 NH3 1304 22 NH3 1305 21 CH3NH2 1306 24 CH3NH2 1307 22 CH3NH2 1308 24 (CH3)2NH 1309 22 (CH3)2NH PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1350
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
Step H
Step I
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1351
Step A
Step B
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1352-1359
1352 21 NH3 1353 24 NH3 1354 22 NH3 1355 21 CH3NH2 1356 24 CH3NH2 1357 22 CH3NH2 1358 24 (CH3)2NH 1359 22 (CH3)2NH EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2-14
2 1 6 1.17 % 2.346 3 1 7 1.8 % 2.417 4 1 13 1.19 % 2.360 5 1 14 Step B 1.18 % 2.389 6 1 14 1.15 % 2.375 7 1 15 Step C 1.8 % 2.372 8 1 15 1.8 % 2.374 9 1 16 1.16 % 2.389 10 1 17 Step D 1.7 % 2.390 11 1 17 1.8 % 2.372 12 1 10 1.16 % 2.429 13 1 11 1.19 % 2.415 14 1 12 1.19 % 2.401 EXAMPLE 15
EXAMPLE 16
EXAMPLE 17-47
17 2 18 A 2.417 1.17 % 2.417 18 2 47 A 1.41 % 2.431 19 2 48 A 1.18 % 2.431 20 2 8 A 1.25 % 2.424 21 2 9 A 1.18 % 2.390 22 2 49 A 1.21 % 2.478 23 2 50 B 1.30 % 2.442 24 2 51 B 1.5 % 2.478 25 2 87 B 1.46 % 2.510 27 2 70 C 1.36 % 2.542 28 2 72 C 1.14 % 2.570 29 2 71 C 1.38 % 2.598 30 2 73 C 1.21 % 2.598 31 2 74 C 1.8 % 2.626 32 2 75 C 1.58 % 2.622 33 2 76 C 1.9 % 2.682 34 2 56 C 1.11 % 2.528 35 2 77 C 1.7 % 2.556 36 2 78 C 1.10 % 2.584 37 2 79 C 1.12 % 2.556 38 2 80 C 1.43 % 2.614 39 2 81 C 1.2 % 2.573 40 2 82 C 1.26 % 2.666 41 2 83 C 1.12 % 2.542 42 2 84 C 1.10 % 2.542 43 2 85 C 1.60 % 2.572 44 2 86 C 1.28 % 2.544 45 2 52 C 1. 14 % 2.503 46 2 88 C 1.2 % 2.471 47 89 56 C 1.9 % 2.540 Example 100-184
100 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 101 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 102 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 103 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 104 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 105 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 106 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 107 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 108 108 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 109 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 110 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 111 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 112 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 113 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 114 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 115 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 116 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 117 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 118 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 119 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 120 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 121 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 122 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 123 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 124 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 125 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 126 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 127 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 128 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 129 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 130 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 131 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 132 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 133 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 134 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 135 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 136 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 137 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 138 MeNH2 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 139 (Me)2NH Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 140 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 141 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 142 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 143 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 144 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 145 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 146 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 147 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 148 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 149 Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89 150 NH3 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 151 MeNH2 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 152 (Me)2NH Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 153 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 154 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 155 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 156 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 157 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 158 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 159 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 160 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 161 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 162 Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89 163 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 164 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 165 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 166 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 167 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 168 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 169 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 170 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 171 Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89 172 NH3 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 173 MeNH2 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 174 (Me)2NH Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 175 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 176 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 177 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 178 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 179 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 180 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 181 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 182 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 183 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 184 Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89 EXAMPLE 200-389
200 200 2 201 201 2 202 202 2 203 203 2 204 204 2 205 205 2 206 206 2 207 207 2 208 208 2 209 209 2 210 210 2 211 211 2 212 212 2 213 213 2 214 214 2 215 215 2 216 216 2 217 217 2 218 218 2 219 219 2 220 220 2 221 221 2 222 222 2 223 223 2 224 224 2 225 225 2 226 226 2 227 227 2 228 228 2 229 229 2 230 230 2 231 231 2 232 232 2 233 233 2 234 234 2 235 235 2 236 236 2 237 237 2 238 238 2 239 239 2 240 240 2 241 241 2 242 242 2 243 243 2 244 244 2 245 245 2 246 246 2 247 247 2 248 248 2 249 249 2 250 250 2 251 251 2 252 252 2 253 253 2 254 254 2 255 255 2 256 256 2 257 257 2 258 258 2 259 259 2 260 260 2 261 261 2 262 262 2 263 263 2 264 264 2 265 265 2 266 266 2 267 267 2 268 268 2 269 269 2 270 270 2 271 271 2 272 272 2 273 273 2 274 274 2 275 275 2 276 276 2 277 277 2 278 278 2 279 279 2 280 280 2 281 281 2 282 282 2 283 283 2 284 284 2 285 285 2 286 286 2 287 287 2 288 288 2 289 289 2 290 290 2 291 291 2 292 292 2 293 293 2 294 294 2 295 200 89 296 201 89 297 202 89 298 203 89 299 204 89 300 205 89 301 206 89 302 207 89 303 208 89 304 209 89 305 210 89 306 211 89 307 212 89 308 213 89 309 214 89 310 215 89 311 216 89 312 217 89 313 218 89 314 219 89 315 220 89 316 221 89 317 222 89 318 223 89 319 224 89 320 225 89 321 226 89 322 227 89 323 228 89 324 229 89 325 230 89 326 231 89 327 232 89 328 233 89 329 234 89 330 235 89 331 236 89 332 237 89 333 238 89 334 239 89 335 240 89 336 241 89 337 242 89 338 243 89 339 244 89 340 245 89 341 246 89 342 247 89 343 248 89 344 249 89 345 250 89 346 251 89 347 252 89 348 253 89 349 254 89 350 255 89 351 256 89 352 257 89 353 258 89 354 259 89 355 260 89 356 261 89 357 262 89 358 263 89 359 264 89 360 265 89 361 266 89 362 267 89 363 268 89 364 269 89 365 270 89 366 271 89 367 272 89 368 273 89 369 274 89 370 275 89 371 276 89 372 277 89 373 278 89 374 279 89 375 280 89 376 281 89 377 282 89 378 283 89 379 284 89 380 285 89 381 286 89 382 287 89 383 288 89 384 289 89 385 290 89 386 291 89 387 292 89 388 293 89 389 294 89 EXAMPLE 400-595
400 300 2 401 301 2 402 302 2 403 303 2 404 304 2 405 305 2 406 306 2 407 307 2 408 308 2 409 309 2 410 310 2 411 311 2 412 312 2 413 313 2 414 314 2 415 315 2 416 316 2 417 317 2 418 318 2 419 319 2 420 320 2 421 321 2 422 322 2 423 323 2 424 324 2 425 325 2 426 326 2 427 327 2 428 328 2 429 329 2 430 330 2 431 331 2 432 332 2 433 333 2 434 334 2 435 335 2 436 400 2 437 401 2 438 402 2 439 403 2 440 404 2 441 405 2 442 406 2 443 407 2 444 408 2 445 409 2 446 410 2 447 411 2 448 412 2 449 413 2 450 414 2 451 415 2 452 416 2 453 417 2 454 418 2 455 419 2 456 420 2 457 421 2 458 422 2 459 423 2 460 424 2 461 425 2 462 426 2 463 427 2 464 428 2 465 429 2 466 430 2 467 431 2 468 432 2 469 433 2 470 434 2 471 500 2 472 501 2 473 502 2 474 503 2 475 504 2 476 505 2 477 506 2 478 507 2 479 508 2 480 509 2 481 510 2 482 511 2 483 512 2 484 513 2 485 514 2 486 515 2 487 516 2 488 517 2 489 518 2 490 519 2 491 520 2 492 521 2 493 522 2 494 523 2 495 524 2 496 525 2 497 526 2 498 527 2 499 528 2 500 529 2 501 530 2 502 531 2 503 532 2 504 533 2 505 534 2 506 535 2 507 600 '2 508 601 2 509 602 2 510 603 2 511 604 2 512 605 2 513 606 2 514 607 2 515 608 2 516 609 2 517 610 2 518 611 2 519 612 2 520 613 2 521 614 2 522 615 2 523 616 2 524 617 2 525 618 2 526 619 2 527 620 2 528 621 2 529 622 2 530 623 2 531 624 2 532 625 2 533 626 2 534 627 2 535 628 2 536 629 2 537 630 2 538 631 2 539 632 2 540 633 2 541 634 2 542 635 2 543 680 2 544 681 2 545 682 2 546 683 2 547 684 2 548 685 2 549 686 2 550 687 2 551 700 2 552 701 2 553 702 2 554 703 2 555 704 2 556 705 2 557 706 2 558 707 2 559 708 2 560 709 2 561 710 2 562 711 2 563 712 2 564 713 2 565 714 2 566 715 2 567 716 2 568 717 2 569 718 2 570 719 2 571 720 2 572 721 2 573 722 2 574 723 2 575 724 2 576 725 2 577 726 2 578 727 2 579 728 2 580 729 2 581 730 2 582 731 2 583 732 2 584 733 2 585 734 2 586 735 2 587 780 2 588 781 2 589 782 2 590 783 2 591 784 2 592 785 2 593 786 2 594 787 2 595 788 2 EXAMPLE 600-795
600 336 89 601 337 89 602 338 89 603 339 89 604 340 89 605 341 89 606 342 89 607 343 89 608 344 89 609 345 89 610 346 89 611 347 89 612 348 89 613 349 89 614 350 89 615 351 89 616 352 89 617 353 89 618 354 89 619 355 89 620 356 89 621 357 89 622 358 89 623 359 89 624 360 89 625 361 89 626 362 89 627 363 89 628 364 89 629 365 89 630 366 89 631 367 89 632 368 89 633 369 89 634 370 89 635 371 89 636 435 89 637 436 89 638 437 89 639 438 89 640 439 89 641 440 89 642 441 89 643 442 89 644 443 89 645 444 89 646 445 89 647 446 89 648 447 89 649 448 89 650 449 89 651 450 89 652 451 89 653 452 89 654 453 89 655 454 89 656 455 89 657 456 89 658 457 89 659 458 89 660 459 89 661 460 89 662 461 89 663 462 89 664 463 89 665 464 89 666 465 89 667 466 89 668 467 89 669 468 89 670 469 89 671 536 89 672 537 89 673 538 89 674 539 89 675 540 89 676 541 89 677 542 89 678 543 89 679 544 89 680 545 89 681 546 89 682 547 89 683 548 89 684 549 89 685 550 89 686 551 89 687 552 89 688 553 89 689 554 89 690 555 89 691 556 89 692 557 89 693 558 89 694 559 89 695 560 89 696 561 89 697 562 89 698 563 89 699 564 89 700 565 89 701 566 89 702 567 89 703 568 89 704 569 89 705 570 89 706 571 89 707 636 89 708 637 89 709 638 89 710 639 89 711 640 89 712 641 89 713 642 89 714 643 89 715 644 89 716 645 89 717 646 89 718 647 89 719 648 89 720 649 89 721 650 89 722 651 89 723 652 89 724 653 89 725 654 89 726 655 89 727 656 89 728 657 89 729 658 89 730 659 89 731 660 89 732 661 89 733 662 89 734 663 89 735 664 89 736 665 89 737 666 89 738 667 89 739 668 89 740 669 89 741 670 89 742 671 89 743 688 89 744 689 89 745 690 89 746 691 89 747 692 89 748 693 89 749 694 89 750 695 89 751 736 89 752 737 89 753 738 89 754 739 89 755 740 89 756 741 89 757 742 89 758 743 89 759 744 89 760 745 89 761 746 89 762 747 89 763 748 89 764 749 89 765 750 89 766 751 89 767 752 89 768 753 89 769 754 89 770 755 89 771 756 89 772 757 89 773 758 89 774 759 89 775 760 89 776 761 89 777 762 89 778 763 89 779 764 89 780 765 89 781 766 89 782 767 89 783 768 89 784 769 89 785 770 89 786 771 89 787 789 89 788 790 89 789 791 89 790 792 89 791 793 89 792 794 89 793 795 89 794 796 89 795 797 89 EXAMPLE 800-833
800 61 Step B 2 NH3 801 62 2 NH3 802 65 2 NH3 803 61 Step B 2 NH3 804 62 2 NH3 805 65 2 NH3 806 61 Step B 2 CH3NH2 807 62 2 CH3NH2 808 65 2 CH3NH2 809 61 Step B 2 CH3NH2 810 62 2 CH3NH2 811 65 2 CH3NH2 812 61 Step B 2 (CH3)2NH 813 65 2 (CH3)2NH 814 61 Step B 2 (CH3)2NH 815 65 2 (CH3)2NH 816 61 Step B 89 NH3 817 62 89 NH3 818 65 89 NH3 819 61 Step B 89 NH3 820 62 89 NH3 821 65 89 NH3 822 61 Step B 89 CH3NH2 823 62 89 CH3NH2 824 65 89 CH3NH2 825 61 Step B 89 CH3NH2 826 62 89 CH3NH2 827 65 89 CH3NH2 828 61 Step B 89 (CH3)2NH 829 62 89 (CH3)2NH 830 65 89 (CH3)2NH 831 61 Step B 89 (CH3)2NH 832 62 89 (CH3)2NH 833 65 89 (CH3)2NH EXAMPLE 1000-1168
1012 810 2 1013 812 2 1014 811 2 1015 810 89 1016 812 89 1017 811 89 1090 1301 2 1091 1302 2 1092 1303 2 1093 1304 2 1094 1305 2 1095 1306 2 1096 1307 2 1097 1308 2 1098 1309 2 1099 1351 2 1100 1352 2 1101 1353 2 1102 1354 2 1103 1355 2 1104 1356 2 1105 1357 2 1106 1358 2 1107 1359 2 1117 1301 89 1118 1302 89 1119 1303 89 1120 1304 89 1121 1305 89 1122 1306 89 1123 1307 89 1124 1308 89 1125 1309 89 1126 1351 89 1127 1352 89 1128 1353 89 1129 1354 89 1130 1355 89 1131 1356 89 1132 1357 89 1133 1358 89 1134 1359 89 EXAMPLE 1800
Step A
Step B
Step C
Step D
Step E
Step F
Step G
EXAMPLE 1900
Step A
Step B
Assay for Determining DP-IV Inhibition
1 C 21 C 41 B 2 D 22 A 42 C 3 D 23 B 43 A 4 D 24 A 44 A 5 D 45 B 6 C 26 C 46 D 7 C 27 A 47 A 8 C 28 A 9 C 29 A 10 C 30 A 11 C 31 B 12 C 32 A 13 c 33 A 14 D 34 A 15 D 35 A 16 C 36 B 17 B 37 B 18 A 38 B 19 B 39 B 20 C 40 D