Novel benzyl(idene)-lactam derivatives
The present invention relates to novel benzyl(idene)-lactam derivatives, to intermediates for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their medicinal use. The compounds of the present invention include selective antagonists, inverse agonists and partial agonists of serotonin 1 (5-HT1) receptors, specifically, of one or both of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B (formerly classified 5-HT1D) receptors. They are useful in treating or preventing depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders for which a 5-HT1 agonist or antagonist is indicated and have reduced potential for cardiac side effects, in particular QTc prolongation. European Patent Publication European Patent Publication European Patent Publication Glennon et al. refers to 7-methoxy-1-(1-piperazinyl)-naphthalene as a useful 5-HT1 ligand in their article " Glennon's article " European Patent Publication The present invention relates to benzyl(idene)-lactams of the formula I wherein R1 is a group of the formula G1 or G2 depicted below, a is zero to eight; m is one to three; R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl optionally substituted with (C1-C6)alkoxy or one to three fluorine atoms, or ((C1-C4)alkyl)aryl wherein the aryl moiety is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl-(CH2)q-, wherein the heteroaryl moiety is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl and benzisothiazolyl and q is zero, one, two, three or four, and wherein said aryl and heteroaryl moieties may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano and -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl, wherein t is zero, one or two; each R13 is, independently, (C1-C4)alkyl or a (C1-C4)alkylene bridge from one of the ring carbons of the piperazine or piperidine ring of G1 or G2, respectively, to the same or another ring carbon or a ring nitrogen of the piperazine or piperidine ring of G1 or G2, respectively, having an available bonding site, or to a ring carbon of R6, when R6 has a ring structure having an available bonding site; X is hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, cyano, (C1-C6)alkyl, hydroxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy, -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl wherein t is zero, one or two, -CO2R10 or -CONR11R12; each of R10, R11 and R12 is selected, independently, from hydrogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl and naphthyl, wherein said phenyl or naphthyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano and -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl wherein t is zero, one or two; or R11 and R12, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; R3 is vinyl, C(=O)R, wherein R is C1-C8 straight chain or branched alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or aryl, wherein R is preferably When B is a phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl ring, each said ring may be optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from phenyl, naphthyl and a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring containing from one to four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, with the proviso that said heteroaryl ring cannot contain two adjacent oxygen atoms or two adjacent sulfur atoms, and wherein each independently selected phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl substituent may itself be substituted with from one to three (C1-C8)alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl substituents, wherein examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, dihydroquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, dihydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, benzofuryl, furopyridinyl, pyrolopyrimidinyl, and azaindolyl; or, When B is a phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl ring, each said ring may be optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from (a) lactone formed from -(CH2)tOH with an ortho -COOH, wherein t is one, two or three; (b) -CONR14R15, wherein R14 and R15 are independently selected from (C1-C8)alkyl and benzyl, or R14 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen in addition to the nitrogen of the -CONR14R15 group, wherein when any of said heteroatoms is nitrogen it may be optionally substituted with (C1-C8)alkyl or benzyl, with the proviso that said ring cannot contain two adjacent oxygen atoms or two adjacent sulfur atoms; (c) -(CH2)vNCOR16R17 wherein v is zero, one, two or three and -COR16 and R17 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-to 6-membered lactam ring; and, (d) --(C1-C8)NR18R19 where each of R18 and R19 is selected, independently, from hydrogen and (C1-C4)alkyl, or R18 and R19, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a 4- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; Wherein the broken lines indicate optional double bonds; and, n is one, two, or three; or, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or optical isomer thereof. Other embodiments of the invention relate to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl or pyridyl. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl, or pyridyl, wherein said (C3-C8)cycloalkyl moiety of said (C3-C8)hydroxycycloalkyl-, (C1-C8)alkoxy-(C3-C8)cydoalkyl-, substituents is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl, or pyridyl, wherein said heterocycloalkyl moiety having 4 to 8 atoms, of said 1 to 3 optional substituents, is selected from tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, azepinyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, oxetanyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl. This invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl or pyridyl, wherein said alkoxyheterocycloalkyl moiety is selected from tetrahydropyranoxy, tetrahydrofuranoxy, oxetanoxy, azetidinoxy, pyrrolidinoxy, and piperidinoxy. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl, or pyridyl, wherein said 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl ring, of said 1 to 3 optional substituents, is selected from pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and pyridazinyl. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl or pyridyl, wherein said R14 and said R15 groups of said -CONR14R15 substituent together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- to 6-membered heteroalkyl ring selected from piperidine, N-(C0-C6)alkylpiperazine and morpholine. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl or pyridyl, wherein said -COR16 and R17 groups of said -(CH2)vNCOR16R17 substituent together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered lactam ring, and v is 1. The invention also relates to a compound according to formula I wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl or pyridyl, wherein a lactone is formed from said -CH2OH substituent, with said ortho -COOH substituent. Specific examples of the compounds of the present invention are as follows: Specific optical isomers of the compounds of the invention include: Unless otherwise indicated, the term "halo", as used herein, includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "alkyl", as used herein, includes straight or branched alkyl groups having one to eight carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated the term "cycloalkyl" as used herein includes moieties derived from cyclic hydrocarbons containing from four to seven ring carbon atoms, including cyclic hydrocarbon moieties substituted with straight or branched alkyl moieties. Unless otherwise indicated the term "heterocycloalkyl" as used herein includes a cyclic hydrocarbon in which one or more of the ring carbon atoms has been replaced with a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom or any combination thereof. Examples of such groups are oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorphlinyl, piperazinyl, and azapinyl. The term "alkoxy", as used herein, means "alkyl-O-", wherein "alkyl" is defined as above. The term "alkylene, as used herein, means an alkyl radical having two available bonding sites (i.e., -alkyl-), wherein "alkyl" is defined as above. The term "alkenyl" is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration comprising one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl and propenyl. Alkenyl groups typically will have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, more typically 2 to about 8 carbon atoms. The term "alkynyl" is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration comprising one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl and propynyl. Alkynyl groups typically will have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, more typically 2 to about 8 carbon atoms. The term "aryl" is intended to include groups that, in accordance with the theory of Hückel, have a cyclic, delocalized (4n+2) pi-electron system containing from five to about twelve ring atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, arenes and their substitution products, e.g. phenyl, naphthyl and toluyl, among numerous others. The term "heteroaryl" is intended to include aromatic heterocyclic groups and includes the non-limiting examples thiophenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiazolyl and isothiazolyl, among others. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "one or more substituents", as used herein, refers to from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites. The compounds of formula I may have chiral centers and therefore may occur in different enantiomeric configurations. The invention includes all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomers, as well as any possible tautomers of such compounds of formula I, as well as racemic and other mixtures thereof. The present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I are the salts of hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, oxalic acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, di-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, and mandelic acid. The present invention also, relates to all radiolabeled forms of the compounds of the formula I. Preferred radiolabeled compounds of formula I are those wherein the radiolabels are selected from as3H,11C,14C,18F,123I and125I. Such radiolabeled compounds are useful as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism pharmacokinetics studies and in binding assays in both animals and man. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder or condition in a mammal, including a human, selected from depression, anxiety, depression with concomitant anxiety, dysthymia, post traumatic stress disorder, panic phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), OCD with comorbid Tourette's Syndrome, borderline personality disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, seizures, dyskinesis, symptoms of Huntington's or Parkinson's diseases, spasticity, suppression of seizures resulting from epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, anorexia, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, cranial traumas, chemical dependencies, premature ejaculation, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) associated mood and appetite disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, modification of feeding behavior, blocking carbohydrate cravings, late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, tobacco withdrawal-associated symptoms, panic disorder, bipolar disorder, sleep disorders, jet lag, cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmias, chemical dependencies and addictions selected from dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine or tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine; pathological gambling; trichotilomania; headache, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), psychosis, Huntington's Chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophrenia, multi-infarct dementia, epilepsy, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's Syndrome, comprising an amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition referred to hereinabove in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in treating such disorder or condition. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a disorder or condition referred to hereinabove in a mammal, comprising an amount of a compound according of the formula I that is an effective antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist of 5-HT1B receptors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition referred to hereinabove in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the formula I that is an effective antagonist, inverse agonist or partial agonist of 5-HT1B receptors. As used herein, the term "depression" includes depressive disorders, for example, single episodic or recurrent major depressive disorders, and dysthymic disorders, depressive neurosis, and neurotic depression; melancholic depression including anorexia, weight loss, insomnia and early morning waking, and psychomotor retardation; atypical depression (or reactive depression) including increased appetite, hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or irritability, anxiety and phobias, seasonal affective disorder, or bipolar disorders or manic depression, for example, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder. Other mood disorders encompassed within the term "depression" include dysthymic disorder with early or late onset and with or without atypical features; dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with early or late onset, with depressed mood; vascular dementia with depressed mood, disorders induced by alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics and other substances; schizoaffective disorder of the depressed type; and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. As used herein, the term "anxiety" includes anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobias, for example, specific animal phobias, social phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, stress disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorders. "Generalized anxiety" is typically defined as an extended period (e.g. at least six months) of excessive anxiety or worry with symptoms on most days of that period. The anxiety and worry is difficult to control and may be accompanied by restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and disturbed sleep. "Panic disorder" is defined as the presence of recurrent panic attacks followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having another panic attack. A "panic attack" is a discrete period in which there is a sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness or terror: During a panic attack, the individual may experience a variety of symptoms including palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea and dizziness. Panic disorder may occur with or without agoraphobia. "Phobias" includes agoraphobia, specific phobias and social phobias. "Agoraphobia" is characterized by an anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help may not be available in the event of a panic attack. Agoraphobia may occur without history of a panic attack. A "specific phobia" is characterized by clinically significant anxiety provoked by feared object or situation. Specific phobias include the following subtypes: animal type, cued by animals or insects; natural environment type, cued by objects in the natural environment, for example storms, heights or water; blood-injection-injury type, cued by the sight of blood or an injury or by seeing or receiving an injection or other invasive medical procedure; situational type, cued by a specific situation such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving or enclosed spaces; and other type where fear is cued by other stimuli. Specific phobias may also be referred to as simple phobias. A "social phobia" is characterized by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social or performance circumstances. Social phobia may also be referred to as social anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders encompassed within the term "anxiety" include anxiety disorders induced by alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, phencychdine, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics and other substances, and adjustment disorders with anxiety or with mixed anxiety and depression. Except where otherwise stated, R1, R3, X, G1, G2, R6, R13, a, n and m in the reaction schemes and discussions that follow are defined as above. Unless otherwise stated reaction conditions for all reaction schemes include an inert atmosphere commonly used in the art such as nitrogen or argon. Schemes 1 and 1a to 1d refer to general methods suitable for preparing compounds of formula I wherein R1 = G1. In step 1 of Scheme 1 a mixture of 2-substituted benzaldehyde V wherein the substituent at the 2-position, indicated as Z in Scheme 1, is a functional group that has the ability to undergo oxidative addition such as, but not limited to, F, Cl, Br, I, and sulfonate, such as 2-fluorobenzaldehyde, and an N-substituted compound of the formula IV are treated in a solvent selected from water, 1,4-dioxane, n-butanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile or mixtures thereof, preferably water, with a base such as a trialkyl amine or an alkali metal carbonate, preferably potassium carbonate, at a temperature of about 40°C to about 150°C, preferably about 90°C to about 120°C to yield an aldehyde of the formula III. A mixture of the 2-Z-benzaldehyde and N-substituted compound of the formula IV are treated in a solvent selected from toluene, benzene, DME wherein toluene is preferred with a base such as sodium or potassium tert-butoxide, sodium or potassium carbonate, potassium phosphonate preferably sodium tert-butoxide with a palladium source such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, palladium acetate, tris(dibenzyidene-acetone)dipalladium, transdichloro-bis(triphenylphospine)palladium or optionally added phosphine ligands where added such as BINAP or triphenylphosphine where palladium acetate and BINAP is preferred at a temperature of about 40°C to 150°C, preferably about 90°C to 120°C to yield an aldehyde of the formula III. Step 2 of Scheme 1 is an addition reaction of N-substituted lactam II to the aldehyde of formula III, wherein the N-substituent R3 is vinyl or C(=O)R, wherein R is C1-C8 straight chain or branched alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, or CF3, wherein R is preferably Step 3 of Scheme 1 is a catalytic reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of IB to produce a compound of the formula I, designated IA in Scheme 1. The reduction of this double bond may be effected with hydrogen gas (H2) in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a pressure of from about 1 to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably 40°C to 60°C while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of 1 B to produce a compound of the formula 1, designated 1A in Scheme 1 can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. Step 4 of Scheme 1 depicts the conversion of a compound of formula IA (the compound of formula I in which the optional double is absent) wherein R3 is hydrogen to a compound of the formula IA' wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, by means of N-arylation or N-heteroarylation. The compound of formula IA is treated with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide, a base such as potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, thallium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, lithium tert-butoxide, or sodium tert-butoxide, preferably potassium carbonate, a diamine, such as 1,2-ethylenediamine, The N-arylation or N-heteroarylation in step 4 of Scheme 1 may also be accomplished by treating a compound of formula IA (the compound of formula I in which the optional double is absent) wherein R3 is hydrogen with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide with a base such as an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal amine base, an alkali metal phosphonate, or an alkali metal alkoxide, preferably cesium carbonate, a phoshpine ligand, preferably 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS), and a palladium species, such as palladium(II)acetate or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) or the corresponding chloroform adduct, preferably tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in an inert solvent such as 1,4-dioxane or toluene, preferably 1,4-dioxane, at a temperature of about 40°C to about 160°C, preferably about 80°C to about 120°C. For compounds of formula I wherein R6 is H further functionalization of the secondary amine can be carried out under standard alkylation or reductive amination conditions known to one skilled in the art. Alternatively, in step 3a of scheme 1, the compound of formula IB may be converted to the N-aryl or N-heteroaryl derivative having formula 1 B' using the procedures of step 4 above. The compound of formula I wherein R1 is G1 and R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, designated lA' in Scheme 1 is then prepared in step 4a of Scheme 1 using the procedures of step 3 above. In those cases where R6 is benzyl or another group that is labile under hydrogenation conditions, the corresponding secondary amine derivative (i.e., R6 is H) is formed. If R6 is H, further functionalization of the secondary amine can be carried out under standard alkylation or reductive amination conditions known to those skilled in the art. Scheme 1 a depicts the preparation of a compound of the formula I, wherein the optional double bond is either present or absent beginning with N-arylation or N-heteroarylation of lactam IIa to form lactam II wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. In step 1 of Scheme 1 a lactam IIA is treated with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide, a base such as potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, thallium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, lithium tert-butoxide, or sodium tert-butoxide, preferably potassium carbonate, a diamine, such as 1,2-ethylenediamine, The N-arylation or N-heteroarylation of step 1, Scheme 1 a may also be accomplished by treating a lactam of formula IIA wherein R3 is hydrogen with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide with a base such as an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal amine base, an alkali metal phosphonate, or an alkali metal alkoxide, preferably cesium carbonate, a phoshpine ligand, preferably 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS), and a palladium species, such as palladium (II) acetate or tris(dibehzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) or the corresponding chloroform adduct, preferably tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in an inert solvent such as 1,4-dioxane or toluene, preferably 1,4-dioxane, at a temperature of about 40°C to about 160°C, preferably about 80°C to about 120°C. In Step 2 of Scheme Ia compound IB' is prepared by treating aldehyde III, prepared as in Scheme I, with lactam II, wherein R3 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, using the procedure of step 2 in Scheme 1. In Step 2 of Scheme 1 a, compound 1 B' can alternatively be prepared by treating aldehyde III, prepared as in Scheme I, with lactam II, wherein R3 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, In step 3 of Scheme la compound IA' is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of compound IB' using the procedure of step 3 in Scheme 1. Scheme 1b depicts an alternative preparation of a lactam of formula II wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. In step 1 of Scheme 1b, a compound R3-NH2, wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, is treated with a compound of the formula VI wherein, group A of VI is selected from F, Cl, Br, I or an alkyl or aryl sulfonate, preferably Cl, and group B is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, OC1-C4 alkyl, OH, or an activated carboxylic acid group derived from reaction of the corresponding carboxylic acid with a standard carboxylic acid activating reagent such as, but not limited to, a carbodiimide (dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride salt) or tripropylphosphonic anhydride, preferably Cl, in a solvent such as water, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof, preferably tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 120°C, preferably about 50°C to about 80°C, in the presence or absence of a base, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal carbonate, preferably cesium carbonate. Compounds IB' and IA' can then be prepared by the procedures of Scheme la. In those cases where R6 is benzyl or another group that is labile under hydrogenation conditions, the corresponding secondary amine derivative (i.e. R6 is H) is formed. If R6 is H, further functionalization of the secondary amine can be carried out under standard alkylation or reductive amination conditions known to those skilled in the art. Scheme 1c depicts yet another alternative preparation of the compounds of formula IB' and lA' wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. In Step 1 of Scheme 1c a compound of the formula VIII is prepared by treating ortho halo-benzaldehyde VII, wherein D is selected from chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably bromo, with a lactam of the formula II, wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, In Step 2 of Scheme 1c, a compound of the formula IB' is prepared by treating a compound of the formula VIII with an N-substituted compound of the formula IV in a solvent selected from water, 1,4-dioxane, Step 3 of Scheme 1c is a catalytic reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of IB' to produce a compound of the formula I, designated IA' in Scheme 1. The reduction of this double bond may be effected with hydrogen gas (H2) in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4) platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a pressure of from about 1 to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably 40°C to 60°C while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4 platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-cabon double bond of 1B to produce a compound of the formula 1, designated 1A in Scheme 1 can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. Schemes 2, 2a and 2b refer to general methods suitable for preparing compounds of formula I wherein R1 = G2. Step 1 of Scheme 2 illustrates preparation of a compound XI by coupling boronic acid or boronic ester IX wherein L is selected from OH and O(C1 - C4)alkyl or wherein both L substituents together form a 1,3,2-benzodioxaborole derivative, preferably L is OH with halopyridine X, wherein the halo group HI is selected from chloro, bromo or iodo or sulfonate, preferably bromo, in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine, dichloropalladium bistriphenylphosphine, or tris(dibenzidene-acetone)dipalladium, preferably palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine, and an alkali metal base, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide, preferably sodium carbonate, in a solvent system containing dimethoxyethane and a polar protic solvent such as water, methanol, or ethanol, preferably water, at a temperature of from about 10°C to about 150°C, preferably about 70°C to about 110°C. In Step 2 of Scheme 2 compound XII is prepared by treating compound XI with N-substituted lactam II wherein the N-substituent R3, is vinyl or C(=O)R, wherein R is C1-C8 straight chain or branched alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or aryl, CF3, preferably In Step 3 of Scheme 2 compound XIII is prepared by alkylation of the pyridinyl nitrogen of compound XII and partial reduction of the pyridinyl ring. Compound XII is treated with an excess of an alkyl iodide, alkyl methanesulfonate, alkyl arylsulfonate, or alkyl triflate, in a solvent such as acetonitrile or 1,4-dioxane, preferably acetonitrile, at a temperature of about 20°C to about 150°C, preferably 70°C to 90°C, for about 10 minutes to about 60 hours, a period of time sufficient to alkylate the pyridine nitrogen, followed by removal of solvent In step 4 of Scheme 2 a compound of the formula I, wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is H, designated IC in Scheme 2 is prepared by catalytic reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of XIII. The reduction of this double bond may be effected with hydrogen gas (H2) in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a pressure of from about 1 to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably 40°C to 60°C while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaO4). platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of XIII to produce a compound of the formula 1, designated 1C in Scheme 2 can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. In Step 5 of Scheme 2 the compound of the formula IC', wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, is prepared from the compound of formula IC wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is H by means of N-arylation or N-heteroarylation. The compound of formula IC is treated with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide, a base such as potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, thallium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium The N-arylation or N-heteroarylation in Step 5 of Scheme 2 may also be accomplished by treating a compound of formula IC wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is H with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide with a base such as an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal amine base, an alkali metal phosphonate, or an alkali metal alkoxide, preferably cesium carbonate, a phoshpine ligand, preferably 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS), and a palladium species, such as palladium (II) acetate or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) or the corresponding chloroform adduct, preferably tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in an inert solvent such as 1,4-dioxane or toluene, preferably 1,4-dioxane, at a temperature of about 40°C to about 160°C, preferably about 80°C to about 120°C. For compounds of formula IC or IC' wherein R6 is H further functionalization of the secondary amine can be carried out under standard alkylation or reductive amination conditions known to one skilled in the art. Scheme 2a depicts an alternate route to a compound of the formula IC' wherein R1 is G2. In Step 1 of Scheme 2a, the compound of formula XII is converted to a compound of formula XIV wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, by N-arylation or N-heteroarylation. The compound of formula XII is treated with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide, a base such as potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, thallium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium The N-arylation or N-heteroarylation in Step 1 of Scheme 2a may also be accomplished by treating a compound of formula XII wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is H with an aryl or heteroaryl chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfonate, preferably the bromide with a base such as an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal amine base, an alkali metal phosphonate, or an alkali metal alkoxide, preferably cesium carbonate, a phoshpine ligand, preferably 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS), and a palladium species, such as palladium(II)acetate or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) or the corresponding chloroform adduct, preferably tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), in an inert solvent such as 1,4-dioxane or toluene, preferably 1,4-dioxane, at a temperature of about 40°C to about 160°C, preferably about 80°C to about 120°C. Step 1a of Scheme 2a depicts an alternate route to the preparation of a compound of fonnula XIV by treating the compound of formula XI with the compound of formula 11 (from Scheme 1) wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, In Step 2 of Scheme 2a the compound of the formula XV is prepared by treating the compound of the formula XIV with an excess of an alkyl iodide, alkyl methanesulfonate, alkyl arylsulfonate, or alkyl triflate, in a solvent such as acetonitrile or 1,4-dioxane, preferably acetonitrile, at a temperature of about 20°C to about 150°C, preferably 70°C to 90°C, for about 10 minutes to about 60 hours, a period of time sufficient to alkylate the pyridine nitrogen, followed by removal of solvent In Step 3 of Scheme 2a a compound of the formula I, wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is H, designated IC' in Scheme 2 is prepared by catalytic reduction of compound XV in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol, with a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum or palladium, suspended on a solid support, preferably 10% palladium on carbon, under a hydrogen pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 atmospheres to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably about 40°C to about 60°C, while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of XV to produce a compound of the formula 1, designated 1C' in Scheme 2a can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. Scheme 2b depicts yet another route for synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. In Step 1 of Scheme 2b a compound of the formula XVI wherein R1 is G2 is prepared by catalytic reduction of compound XIV, wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol, with a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum or palladium, suspended on a solid support, preferably 10% palladium on carbon, under a hydrogen pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 atmospheres to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably about 40°C to about 60°C, while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4) platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of XIV to produce a compound of the formula XVI can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. Larock, R. C. 1989. In Step 2 of Scheme 2b a compound of the formula XVII is prepared by treating the compound of the formula XVI with an excess of an alkyl iodide, alkyl methanesulfonate, alkyl arylsulfonate, or alkyl triflate, in a solvent such as acetonitrile or 1,4-dioxane, preferably acetonitrile, at a temperature of about 20°C to about 150°C, preferably 70°C to 90°C, for about 10 minutes to about 60 hours, a period of time sufficient to alkylate the pyridine nitrogen, followed by removal of solvent In Step 3 of Scheme 2b the compound of the formula I, wherein R1 is G2 and R3 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, designated IC' in Scheme 2b, is prepared by catalytic reduction of compound XVII in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol, with a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum or palladium, suspended on a solid support, preferably 10% palladium on carbon, under a hydrogen pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 5 atmospheres, preferably about 3 atmospheres to about 4 atmospheres, at a temperature of about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably about 20°C to about 50°C, while shaking the reaction mixture. Alternatively, the double bond may be reduced under transfer hydrogenation conditions where a hydride donor such as cyclohexadiene or ammonium formate is used in place of hydrogen, where ammonium formate is preferred, in a reaction inert solvent such as a lower alcohol, THF, dioxane or ethyl acetate, preferably methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a noble metal catalyst on a solid support such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO4) platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), preferably about 10% palladium on carbon, at a temperature of about 20°C to 150°C, preferably 40°C to 80°C. Alternatively, the reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of XVII to produce a compound of the formula 1, designated 1C' in Scheme 2b can be accomplished using alternative procedures known to one skilled in the art. Larock, R. C., 1989. General methods for the preparation of aryl halides used in the N-arylation and N-heteroarylation coupling reactions described herein are given in Murugusan, N. The compounds of the formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts (hereafter "the active compounds") can be administered via either the oral, transdermal (e.g., through the use of a patch), intranasal, sublingual, rectal, parenteral or topical routes. Transdermal and oral administration are preferred. These compounds are, most desirably, administered in dosages ranging from about 0.25 mg up to about 1500 mg per day, preferably from about 0.25 to about 300 mg per day in single or divided doses, although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen. However, a dosage level that is in the range of about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg per kg of body weight per day is most desirably employed. Variations may nevertheless occur depending upon the weight and condition of the persons being treated and their individual responses to said medicament, as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval during which such administration is carried out. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effects, provided that such larger doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day. The active compounds can be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents by any of the several routes previously indicated. More particularly, the active compounds can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, e.g., they may be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets, capsules, transdermal patches, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, creams, salves, suppositories, jellies, gels, pastes, lotions, ointments, aqueous suspensions, injectable solutions, elixirs, syrups, and the like. Such carriers include solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents. In addition, oral pharmaceutical compositions can be suitably sweetened and/or flavored. In general, the active compounds are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 5.0% to about 70% by weight. For oral administration, tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch (preferably com, potato or tapioca starch), alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc can be used for tableting purposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar] as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof. For parenteral administration, a solution of an active compound in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol can be employed. The aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered (preferably pH greater than 8), if necessary, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic. These aqueous solutions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes. The oily solutions are suitable for intraarticular, intramuscular and subcutaneous injection purposes. The preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to administer the active compounds topically and this can be done by way of creams, a patch, jellies, gels, pastes, ointments and the like, in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice. All tested compounds had IC50 values of 1000 nM or less. The activity of the compounds of the present invention with respect to 5HT1B (formerly SHT1D) binding ability can be determined using standard radioligand binding assays as described in the literature. The 5-HT1A affinity can be measured using the procedure of The in vitro activity of the compounds of the present invention at the 5-HT1D binding site may be determined according to the following procedure. Bovine caudate tissue is homogenized and suspended in 20 volumes of a buffer containing 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride (tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane hydrochloride) at a pH of 7.7. The homogenate is then centrifuged at 45,000 G for 10 minutes. The supernatant is then discarded and the resulting pellet resuspended in approximately 20 volumes of 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride buffer at pH 7.7. This suspension is then pre-incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C, after which the suspension is centrifuged again at 45,000 G for 10 minutes and the supernatant discarded. The resulting pellet (approximately 1 gram) is resuspended in 150 ml of a buffer of 15 mM TRIS.hydrochloride containing 0.01 percent ascorbic acid with a final pH of 7.7 and also containing 10 IJM pargyline and 4 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2). The suspension is kept on ice at least 30 minutes prior to use. The inhibitor, control or vehicle is then incubated according to the following procedure. To 50 µl of a 20 percent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/80 percent distilled water solution is added 200 µl of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine (2 nM) in a buffer of 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride containing 0.01 percent ascorbic acid at pH 7.7 and also containing 10 µM pargyline and 4 µM calcium chloride, plus 100 nM of 8-hydroxy-DPAT (dipropylaminotetraline) and 100 nM of mesulergine. To this mixture is added 750 µl of bovine caudate tissue, and the resulting suspension is vortexed to ensure a homogenous suspension. The suspension is then incubated in a shaking water bath for 30 minutes at 25°C. After incubation is complete, the suspension is filtered using glass fiber filters (e.g., Whatman GF/B™ filters.). The pellet is then washed three times with 4 ml of a buffer of 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride at pH 7.7. The pellet is then placed in a scintillation vial with 5 ml of scintillation fluid (Aquasol 2™) and allowed to sit overnight. The percent inhibition can be calculated for each dose of the compound. An IC50 value can then be calculated from the percent inhibition values. The activity of the compounds of the present invention for 5-HT1A binding ability can be determined according to the following procedure. Rat brain cortex tissue is homogenized and divided into samples of 1 gram lots and diluted with 10 volumes of 0.32 M sucrose solution. The suspension is then centrifuged at 900G for 10 minutes and the supernate separated and recentrifuged at 70,000 G for 15 minutes. The supernate is discarded and the pellet resuspended in 10 volumes of 15 mM TRIS.hydrochloride at pH 7.5. The suspension is allowed to incubate for 15 minutes at 37°C. After pre-incubation is complete, the suspension is centrifuged at 70,000 G for 15 minutes and the supernate discarded. The resulting tissue pellet is resuspended in a buffer of 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride at pH 7.7 containing 4 mM of calcium chloride and 0.01 percent ascorbic acid, The tissue is stored at -70° C until ready for an experiment. The tissue can be thawed immediately prior to use, diluted with 10 µm pargyline and kept on ice. The tissue is then incubated according to the following procedure. Fifty microliters of control, inhibitor, or vehicle (1 percent DMSO final concentration) is prepared at various dosages. To this solution is added 200 µl of tritiated DPAT at a concentration of 1.5 nM in a buffer of 50 mM TRIS.hydrochloride at pH 7.7 containing 4 mM calcium chloride, 0.01 percent ascorbic acid and pargyline. To this solution is then added 750 µl of tissue and the resulting suspension is vortexed to ensure homogeneity. The suspension is then incubated in a shaking water bath for 30 minutes at 37°C. The solution is then filtered, washed twice with 4 ml of 10 mM TRIS.hydrochloride at pH 7.5 containing 154 mM of sodium chloride. The percent inhibition is calculated for each dose of the compound, control or vehicle. IC50 values are calculated from the percent inhibition values. The agonist and antagonist activities of the compounds of the invention at 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptors can be determined using a single saturating concentration according to the following procedure. Male Hartley guinea pigs are decapitated and 5-HT1A receptors are dissected out of the hippocampus, while 5-HT1D receptors are obtained by slicing at 350 mM on a Mcllwain tissue chopper and dissecting out the substantia nigra from the appropriate slices. The individual tissues are homogenized in 5 mM HEPES buffer containing 1 mM EGTA (pH 7.5) using a hand-held glass-Teflon® homogenizer and centrifuged at 35,000xg for 10 minutes at 4°C. The pellets are resuspended in 100 mM HEPES buffer containing 1 mM EGTA (pH 7.5) to a final protein concentration of 20 mg (hippocampus) or 5 mg (substantia nigra) of protein per tube. The following agents are added so that the reaction mix in each tube contained 2.0 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM ATP, 1.0 mM cAMP, 0.5 mM IBMX, 10 mM phosphocreatine, 0.31 mg/mL creatine phosphokinase, 100 µM GTP and 0.5-1 microcuries of [32P]-ATP (30 Ci/mmol: NEG-003--New England Nuclear). Incubation is initiated by the addition of tissue to siliconized microfuge tubes (in triplicate) at 30° C. for 15 minutes. Each tube receives 20 µL tissue, 10 µL drug or buffer (at 10x final concentration), 10 µL 32 nM agonist or buffer (at 10x final concentration), 20 µL forskolin (3 µM final concentration) and 40 µL of the preceding reaction mix. Incubation is terminated by the addition of 100 µL 2% SDS, 1.3 mM cAMP, 45 mM ATP solution containing 40,000 dpm [3H]-cAMP (30 Ci/mmol: NET-275--New England Nuclear) to monitor the recovery of cAMP from the columns. The separation of [32P]-ATP and [32P]-cAMP is accomplished using the method of The The compounds of the invention can be tested for Male Hartley guinea pigs from Charles River, weighing 250-275 grams on arrival and 300-600 grams at testing, serve as subjects in the experiment. The guinea pigs are housed under standard laboratory conditions on a 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. lighting schedule for at least seven days prior to experimentation. Food and water are available The compounds of the invention can be administered as solutions in a volume of 1 ml/kg. The vehicle used is varied depending on compound solubility. Test compounds are typically administered either sixty minutes orally (p.o.) or 0 minutes subcutaneously (s.c.) prior to a 5-HT1D agonist, such as [3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-(3-nitropyridin-3-yl)-amine, which can be prepared as described in In p.o. screening experiments, a "pre-drug" baseline temperature reading is made at -90 minutes, the test compound is given at -60 minutes and an additional -30 minute reading is taken. The 5-HT1D agonist is then administered at 0 minutes and temperatures are taken 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes later. In subcutaneous screening experiments, a pre-drug baseline temperature reading is made at -30 minutes. The test compound and 5-HT1D agonists are given concurrently and temperatures are taken at 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes later. Data are analyzed with two-way analysis of variants with repeated measures in Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. The active compounds of the invention can be evaluated as anti-migraine agents by testing the extent to which they mimic sumatriptan in contracting the dog isolated saphenous vein strip ( The serotonin 5-HT, agonist activity can be determined by the The following experimental preparations and examples illustrate, but do not limit the scope of, this invention. A solution of 1-methylpiperazine (139.5 mL, 1.26 moles), potassium carbonate (145 g, 1.05 moles), and 2-fluorobenzaldehyde (73.7 mL, 0.7 moles) in water (700 mL) was heated at reflux for 18 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature, extracted with methylene chloride (2 x 700 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with water (2 x 700 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and the solvent was removed The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 191.7, 156.0138.1, 135.2, 129.9, 129.5, 128.9, 128.6, 127.5, 122.8, 119.2; MS (AP/CI) 281.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.61 (brs, 1h), 3.03 (m, 4Hz), 3.78 (s, 3H), 7.06-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 10.37 (s, 1H). The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.83 (d, 1H. J = 5.8 Hz), 1.04 (d, 1H. J = 6.6 Hz), 2.20-2.30 (brs, 1H). 2.52 (dd, 1H, J = 11.6 and 10.0 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H. J = 13.2 and 10.8 Hz), 2.89 (dd, 1H, J = 11.6 and 2.8 Hz), 3.05-3.64 (m, 3H), 7.21-7.27 (m, 1H). 7.33 (d, 1H. J = 5.5 Hz), 7.56-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.84 (dd, 1H. J = 8.0 and 1.6 Hz), 10.6 (s, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 219.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.55-2.65 (m, 4H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 4H), 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 and 4.8 Hz), 7.19-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 and 3.6 Hz); 10.38 (s, 1H). The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.62-2.64 (m, 4H), 3.11-3.14 (m, 4H), 6.74 (dd, 1H, J = 10.4 and 8.4 Hz), 6.84 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.41-7.46 (m, 1H), 10.25 (s, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 223.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.55-2.65 (m, 4H), 3.05-3.09 (m, 4H), 7.04 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.32-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz) 10.30 (s, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 219.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.09 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 2.51 (t, 2H, J = 11.2 Hz), 3.10-3.18 (m, 4H), 7.08 (dd, 1H, J = 3.2 and 0.8 Hz), 7.48-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.78 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 and 2.0 Hz), 10.30 (s, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 219.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.12 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.46-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dd, 2H, J = 10.8 and 11.6 Hz), 3.06-3.09 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.78 (dd, 1H, J = 7.6 and 1.6 Hz), 10.32 (s, 1H). The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.95 (p, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (d, J= 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.50-3.52 (m, 2H), 6.92 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dt, J = 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J= 7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 10.15 (s, 1H). The title compound was prepared using the method analogous to that used for Preparation 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.11 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H), 2.59 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (br s, 4H), 3.12 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 4H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.50 (dt, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J= 8.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 10.29 (s, 1H). A solution of 9.0 g (40.5 mmol) of 5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde and 5.1 g (40.5 mmol) of To a solution of 1.0 M NaHMDS in anhydrous THF (30 mL, 30 mmol) at 0 °C under N2 was added via an addition funnel a mixture of aldehyde from preparation 1 (2.02 g, 9.90 mmol) and pyrrolidinone II (R3 = The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 173. 3, 152.8, 138.4, 129.7, 129.63, 129.57, 129.0, 128.5, 128.0, 127.3, 122.3, 118.8, 63.3, 53.6, 52.7, 40.0, 26.6; MS (AP/CI) 348.1 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 26.5, 40.0, 46.2, 53.0, 55.5, 55.7, 114.1, 114.9, 120.0, 127.5, 130.3, 131.2, 146.5, 155.1, 173.1; MS (APICI) 302.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 23.3, 26.6, 42.4, 46.2, 52.2, 55.5, 118.2, 121.8, 128.4, 129.3, 129.4, 130.3, 134.3, 152.4, 167.2; MS (AP/CI) 286.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 17.5, 19.6, 26.6, 40.0, 51.1, 53.8, 53.9, 63.8, 123.4, 124.3, 127.3, 128.9, 129.2, 130.4, 133.6, 151.6, 173.4; MS (AP/CI) 286.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 23.3, 26.5, 42.4, 46.2, 52.5, 55.5, 115.4, 115.6, 116.6, 116.8, 119.5, 119.6, 129.4, 131.2, 131.2, 133.1, 148.7, 159.1, 166.7; MS (AP/CI) 304.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 25.2, 27.3, 40.7, 41.4, 46.2, 53.0, 55.7, 111.5, 111.7, 116.6, 116.6, 123.0, 123.2, 127.8, 127.9, 153.8, 153.9, 160.9, 163.4, 180.7; MS (AP/CI) 292.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 18.3, 26.6, 29.9, 38.0, 39.9, 58.1, 60.2, 118.8, 122.4, 127.8, 129.0, 129.6, 152.2, 173.1. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 23.0, 26.6, 39.9, 46.1, 52.7. 55.4, 118.8, 128.0, 129.3, 129.5, 129.6, 130.2, 131.8, 150.4, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 286.3 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 1H NMR (400 MHz, COCK3) 1.93 (p, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.72-2.76 (m, 4H), 3.03 (dt, J = 6.6, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 6.95 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (t, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 286.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 13. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.09 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.48 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (br s, 4H), 2.98 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 4H), 3.07-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (br s, 1H), 7.00-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.27 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (t, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 286.2 (M+H)+. To a solution of 3.9 g (13.5 mmol) of 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one in 150 mL of methanol is added 1.0 g of Pd/C. Hydrogenation at 50 psi with heating to 50 °C was complete after 24 hours. The reaction was filtered over Celite™ using methanol and concentrated. The resultant residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 3.8 g (98% yield) of 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one. Diagnostic C13 NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 27.3, 31.7, 40.5, 42.1, 46.2, 53.0, 55.8, 113.7, 113.9, 116.6, 116.8, 122.3, 122.4, 137.9, 148.0, 161.0; MS m/z 292.2 (M+1). A round bottom flask under N2 was charged with 10% Pd/C (0.99 g) and ethyl alcohol (50 mL) followed by 3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one (3.00 g, 11.1 mmol) and ammonium formate (6.97 g, 110.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour then heated to 50°C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite™ under N2. The Celite™ pad was washed with ethyl alcohol (25 mL) and water (10 mL). The filtrate was evaporated to give white solids which were partitioned between ethyl acetate (25 mL) and H2O (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with additional ethyl acetate (2x25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to a white solid (2.90 g, 96%). The material could be used crude or triturated with ethyl acetate (5 vol) to give 80% recovery of improved purity of the title compound. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 180.6, 152.1, 135.5, 130.4, 127.5, 124.5, 120.8, 55.9, 52.9, 46.4, 42.4, 40.6, 31.8, 27.3; MS (AP/CI) 274.3 (M+H)+. The title compounds were prepared in a procedure analogous to that described in Preparation 25. A suspension of 3-[2-(4-benzyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one (Preparation 15, 6.3 g, 18 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (1.5 g) in methanol (100 mL) was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere (50 psi) and was heated at 50°C for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite™, fresh 10% palladium on carbon was added (2.0g), and the mixture was placed under hydrogen (50 psi) and was heated at 60°C for 7 hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite™, the solvent was removed A solution of methyl p-bromobenzoate (3g, 13.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (14 mL) cooled to -30°C was treated dropwise with methyl magnesium bromide (1 M in diethyl ether, 105.5 mmol, 105.5 mL). Upon completion of addition, the resulting suspension was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for 5 hours. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL) was added slowly and the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic and aqueous layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, were filtered, and the solvent was removed The title compounds were prepared using methyl-3-bromobenzoate, methyl-4-bromophenyl acetate, ethyl-5-bromo-2-carboxypyridine or ethyl-5-bromo-2-carboxypyridine and ethyl magnesium bromide with methylene chloride as solvent, respectively, but otherwise followed the procedure detailed for Preparation 36. The title compound was prepared using ethyl-5-bromo-2-carboxypyridine, 1,4-bis (bromomagnesium) butane and diethyl ether as solvent, but otherwise followed the general procedure for Preparation 36. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 164.1, 148.9, 139.5, 120.9, 118.8, 83.2, 42.7, 24.9; MS (AP/CI) 242.1, 244.1 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using ethyl 5-bromo-2-carboxypyridine, but otherwise followed the general procedure for Preparation 36. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 147.2, 144.1, 140.4, 135.8, 127.8, 21.3, 31.9; MS (AP/CI) 216.2, 218.2 (M+H)+. The title compound was prepared using ethyl 5-bromo-2-carboxypyridine, 1,4-bis (bromomagnesium) butane and diethyl ether as solvent, but otherwise followed the general procedure for Preparation 36. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 147.5, 142.2, 140.3, 136.4, 127.8, 81.8, 42.3, 24.0; MS (AP/CI) 242.2, 244.2 (M+H)+. 4-Bromo-1-iodobenzene (5g, 17.7 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at -40°C was treated dropwise with isopropyl magnesium chloride (2 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 23 mmol, 11.5 mL) and following addition was stirred 1 hour. Cyclohexanone (1.5 mL, 14.75 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added and the solution was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature over 3 hours. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added and the mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous and organic layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (1x) and brine (1x). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL), the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, were filtered, and the solvent was removed The title compound was prepared using the procedure detailed for Preparation 44 with 3-pentanone in place of cyclohexanone. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.45 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 1.59 (s, 1H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 145.0, 131.3, 127.7, 120.4, 77.5, 35.2, 8.0. The title compound was prepared using the procedure detailed for Preparation 44 with cyclopentanone in place of cyclohexanone. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.44 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 1.9 (m, 6H), 1.8 (m, 2H), 1.75 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 146.4,131.4, 127.2, 120.8, 83.4, 42.2, 24.1. A flame dried flask under N2 was charged with 1,4-dibromobenzene (7.52 g, 31.9 mmol) and anhydrous THF (50 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and 2.5 M n-BuLi in hexanes (12.8 mL, 32 mmol) was added keeping the temperature below -60 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for 30 min and then cyclobutanone (2 mL, 26.8 mmol) was added slowly keeping the temp below -60 °C. After one hour, the reaction was poured into a saturated NH4Cl solution (40 mL). The salts were filtered through Celite™ and washed with EtOAc (2x20 mL). The layers were separated and the aq. phase was extracted with additional EtOAc (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to a pale yellow oil (5.51 g). The material could be used without further purification. 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 145.5, 131.7, 127.1, 121.3, 76.8, 37.2, 13.2; MS (AP/CI) 209.0, 211.0 (M+H-H2O)+. The title compound was prepared using the procedure detailed for Preparation 44 with 4-oxopyran in place of cyclohexanone. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 38.8, 63.9, 70.6, 121.3, 126.6,131.7,147.4. 2-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-propan-2-ol (Preparation 39, 1.77g, 8.2 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.5 mL, 8.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) were treated with sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 328 mg, 8.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, was poured into 0.5 M aqueous hydrochloric acid, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, was dried over magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and the solvent was removed The title compound was prepared using the procedure detailed for Preparation 51 on the corresponding hydroxyl compound prepared above. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 142.5, 131.6, 128.4, 121.4, 81.3, 50.8, 33.0, 13.1; MS (AP/CI) 209.1, 211.1 (M+H-OMe)+. The title compound was prepared using the procedure detailed for Preparation 51 on the corresponding hydroxyl compound prepared above. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 137.6, 132.4, 131.1, 120.3, 75.2, 49.7, 45.9, 24.9; MS (AP/CI) 211.1, 213.1 (M+H-OMe)+. A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (9.5 g, 40 mmol) in 2,5-Dibromopyridine (7.1 g, 30 mmol), morpholine (1.74 mL, 20 mmol), cesium carbonate (9.1 g, 28 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (183 mg, 0.2 mmol), and racemic 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (374 mg, 0.6 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was heated at 120°C for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite™ and the Celite™ pad was washed with chloroform. The solution was concentrated The title compound was prepared using 1,4-dibromobenzene, but otherwise followed the procedure for Preparation 55. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.35 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 4H), 3.12 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 4H); MS (AP/CI) 242.1, 244.0 (M+H)+. The following general procedure illustrates the method used for Pd mediated N-arylation of the pyrrolidin-2-one moiety with the corresponding aryl bromide: To a sealed tube was added 3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one (Preparation 13), aryl bromide (1.2 equiv), dipalladium tris(dibenzylideneacetone) (0.05 equiv), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS) (0.15 equiv), cesium carbonate (1.5 equiv), and dioxane (7 volumes). The mixture was heated at 100°C for 12 to 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated The following compounds were prepared via the general procedure above: 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 24.8, 31.9, 32.5, 44.7, 46.0, 46.9, 52.9, 55.7, 72.4, 113.9. 114.1, 116.8, 117.1, 119.7, 1222.4, 122.5, 125.2, 137.8, 137.9, 138.2, 145.6, 147.9, 158.6, 161.1, 175.5; MS (AP/CI) 426.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (90/10 heptane/ethanol; Chiralcel OD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/minute). Approximate retention times: t1 = 12.7 minutes; t2 = 14.8 minutes. 4-{3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-benzoic acid ethyl ester: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.46, 166.86, 152.14, 143.83, 134.97, 130.70, 130.55, 127.73, 125.58, 124.55, 120.86, 118.68; Anal. calcd. for C25H31N303: C, 71.2; H, 7.4; N, 10.0; Found: C, 70.9; H, 7.4; N, 10.1. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.90, 156.93, 152.14, 139.17, 135.15, 130.75, 130.52, 128.27, 127.64, 124.53, 120.79, 107.02, 66.93, 55.91, 52.96, 46.82, 46.36, 46.18, 44.34, 32.40, 24.75; MS (AP/CI) 436.2 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (70/30 heptane/ethanol with 0.025% diethylamine; Chiralcel OD, 4.6 mm x 25 cm; 1 mL/minute). Retention times: t1 = 9.8 minutes; t2 = 12.3 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.99, 152.05, 145.55, 138.33, 135.23, 130.54, 127.62, 125.16, 124.56, 120.83, 119.64, 72.38, 55.84, 52.80. 47.01, 46.27, 44.89, 32.51, 32.01, 24.71; MS (AP/CI) 408.4 (M+H)+, 390.3 (M+H-H20)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (95/5 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 250 mL/minute). Approximate retention times: t1 = 25 minutes; t2 = 40 minutes. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.57, 152.04, 148.43, 135.35, 132.70, 130.55, 127.58, 124.54, 121.18, 120.79, 116.29, 67.10, 55.84, 52.82, 49.89, 47.19, 46.26, 44.76, 32.54, 24.73; MS (AP/CI) 435.2 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.94, 152.15, 143.44, 138.45, 135.25, 130.36, 127.47, 125.83, 124.51, 120.79, 119.63, 83.11, 55.91, 52.94, 47.00, 46.37, 44.90, 42.04, 32.46, 24.69, 24.03; MS (AP/CI) 416.1 ((M+H)-H2O)+; 434.1 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (85/15 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 2.1 cm x 25 cm; 20 mL/minute). Retention times: t1 = 7 minutes; t2 = 11 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.63 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.2 (m, 2H), 7.14 (dd, J = 1.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 2H), 3.38 (m, 1H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.94 (m, 4H), 2.78 (dd, J = 10.6, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (brs, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.9-1.6 (m, 10H), 1.3 (m, 1H); MS (AP/CI) 448.2 (M+H)+, 430.2 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:_13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.91, 152.15, 141.99, 138.08, 135.29, 130.55, 127.59, 126.22, 124.50, 120.77, 119.28, 76.98, 55.91, 52.95, 46.96, 46.38, 44.97, 35.21, 32.53, 24.75, 8.06; MS (AP/CI) 436.1 (M+H)+, 418.1 (M+H-H2O)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cM x 50 cm; 250 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 35 minutes; t2 = 68 minutes (flow rate increased to 290 mL/minute after 46 minutes). 1-[3-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.0, 150.3, 139.7, 135.2, 130.6, 128.9, 127.6, 124.6, 120.8, 118.3, 116.4, 72.7, 55.8, 52.8, 47.1, 46.2, 44.9, 32.6, 32.0, 24.8; MS (AP/CI) 408.1 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.9, 152.0, 138.3, 135.2, 134.1, 131.0, 130.6, 127.6, 124.6, 120.8, 119.7, 71.0, 55.8, 52.8, 49.4, 47.0, 46.2, 44.9, 32.6, 29.4, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 422.5 (M+H)+, The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 250 mUmin). Approximate retention times: t1 = 20 minutes; t2 = 38 minutes. 1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.5, 161.9, 152.1, 138.2, 124.9, 134.9, 130.5, 128.2, 127.8, 124.6, 120.9, 118.7, 71.9, 55.9, 52.9, 46.3, 44.4, 32.4, 30.9, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 409.4 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (95/5 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 250 mUmin). Approximate retention times: t1 = 26 minutes; t2 = 37 minutes. 2,2-Dimethyl-3-(4-{3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-phenyl)-propionitrile: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.1, 139.1, 135.2, 130.6, 127.6, 125.0, 124.5, 120.8, 119.6, 55.9, 53.0, 46.9, 46.37, 46.30, 45.0, 33.8, 32.5, 26.7, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 431.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.9, 152.1, 142.1, 138.6, 135.3, 130.5, 127.6, 126.6, 124.5, 120.8, 119.6, 76.7, 55.9, 53.0, 50.9. 47.0, 46.4, 44.9, 32.5, 28.2, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 422.2 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(2-Methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.8, 152.1, 138.0, 135.3, 131.0, 130.5, 129.0, 127.6, 124.5, 120.8, 119.3, 75.5, 55.9, 53.0, 49.6, 47.0, 46.4. 45.9, 45.0, 32.5, 24.9, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 436.4 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Methoxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.1, 139.2, 138.8, 135.2, 130.5, 127.6, 127.1, 124.5. 120.8, 119.6, 81.3, 55.9. 53.0. 50.7, 47.0, 46.4, 44.9, 33.1, 32.5, 24.7. 13.1; MS (AP/CI) 434.4 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyridin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.2, 152.1, 150.5, 147.7, 140.7, 135.1, 133.7, 130.6, 127.7, 127.6, 124.6, 121.4, 120.9, 120.0, 55.9, 52.9, 46.8, 46.3, 45.0, 32.5, 24.6; MS (AP/CI) 427.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.4, 143.5, 138.3, 135.2, 130.6, 127.6, 125.8, 124.6, 120.9, 119.7, 83.3, 54.1, 47.1, 46.6. 44.9. 42.0, 32.44, 24.7, 24.0; MS (AP/CI) 420.1 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)- pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.4, 142.7, 138.8, 135.2, 130.6, 127.6, 124.6, 120.9, 119.8, 76.7, 54.0, 47.0, 46.6, 45.0, 37.2, 32.5, 24.7, 13.2; MS (AP/CI) 406.2 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)- pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.9, 152.6, 145.8, 138.3, 135.3, 130.5, 127.6, 125.3, 124.5, 120.9, 119.7, 73.1, 54.2, 47.0, 46.8, 45.0, 39.1, 32.4, 25.7, 24.7, 22.4; MS (AP/CI) 434.3 (M+H)+, 416.3 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.9, 152.6, 141.9, 138.1, 135.3, 130.6, 127.6, 126.2, 124.5, 120.8, 119.3, 77.4, 54.2, 47.0, 46.8, 45.0, 35.2, 32.5, 24.7, 8.1; MS (AP/CI) 422.3 (M+H)+, 404.3 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 152.6, 145.5, 138.4, 135.3, 130.6, 127.6, 125.1, 124.5, 120.9, 119.7, 72.5, 54.1. 47.0, 46.7, 45.0, 32.5, 32.0, 24.7; MS (AP/CI) 394.2 (M+H)+, 376.2 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxyh-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 168.8, 152.9, 145.6, 138.5, 129.8, 129.5, 129.1, 128.9, 125.2, 122.4, 119.5. 119.0, 72.4, 55.5, 52.7, 46.2, 45.8, 32.0, 24.3; MS (AP/CI) 406.1 (M+H)+. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 24.0, 24.7, 32.4, 42.1, 44.7, 46.2. 46.9, 53.0, 55.8, 113.8, 114.0, 116.8. 117.0, 119.6, 122.3, 122.4, 125.8, 137.7, 138.3. 143.5, 148.0, 158.6, 175.0; MS (AP/CI) 452.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (90/10 heptane/ethanol; Chiralcel OD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 13.7 minutes; t2 = 16.2 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 21.1, 24.0, 24.6, 32.4, 41.7, 42.0, 45.0, 46.2, 47.0, 52.8, 55.9, 83.3, 119.6, 120.7, 125.8, 128.2, 131.2, 134.0, 135.1, 138.4, 143.3, 149.5, 176.0; MS (AP/CI) 448.4 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 21.1, 24.6, 31.9, 32.4, 45.0, 46.2, 47.0, 52.9, 55.9, 72.4, 119.6, 120.7, 125.1, 128.1, 131.2, 134.0, 135.1, 138.3, 145.5, 149.5, 176.0; MS (AP/CI) 422.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.1, 24.0, 25.8, 33.1,42.0. 43.2, 46.2, 51.9, 52.7, 55.8, 83.3, 120.7, 124.4, 126.0, 126.1, 127.3, 130.9, 135.8, 142.3, 145.7, 152.2, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 448.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (60/40 heptane/ethanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 8.3 minutes; t2 =10.7 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.1, 25.8. 31.9, 33.1, 43.2, 46.2, 51.9, 52.7, 55.8, 72.4, 120.8, 124.4, 125.5, 126.0, 127.3, 130.9, 135.9, 142.2, 147.7, 152.2, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 422.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (60/40 heptane/ethanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 6.9 minutes; t2 = 10.3 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 24.5, 31.9, 32.4, 45.0, 46.2, 47.0, 53.1, 55.5, 55.8, 72.3, 112.3, 115.9, 119.6, 122.1, 125.1, 136.9, 138.2, 145.2, 145.7, 156.5, 175.9; MS (AP/CI) 438.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz. CDCl3) 24.0, 24.5. 32.4, 42.0, 45.0, 46.0, 47.0, 52.9, 55.5, 55.8, 83.2, 112.2, 115.9, 119.6, 122.1, 125.8, 136.9, 138.2, 143.6, 145.1, 156.6, 175.9; MS (AP/CI) 464.4 (M+H)+. 3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 24.0, 24.9, 25.7, 42.0, 43.9, 46.2, 46.8, 53.0, 55.7, 83.2, 111.5, 111.7, 116.6, 119.5. 122.7, 122.9, 125.8, 128.0, 128.1, 138.4, 143.4, 153.9, 153.9, 161.0, 163.4, 175.6; MS (AP/CI) 464.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.13 (s, 6H), 1.51-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 2.31-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.60-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dd, 1H, J = 10.4 and 13.6 Hz), 2.84-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.03-3.04 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dd, 1H, J = 13.6 and 4.0 Hz), 3.676-3.71 (m, 2H), 7.05 (dd, 1H, J = 7.6 and 7.2 Hz); 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz0, 7.19-7.23 (m, 2h), 7.49 (d, 2H, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz); MS (AP/CI) 462.4 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.1, 24.7, 31.9, 32.4, 38.0, 44.9, 47.0, 58.7, 60.4, 60.7, 72.5, 119.6, 120.5, 124.5, 125.1, 127.6, 130.5. 135.1,138.3, 145.3, 151.6, 175.9; MS (AP/CI) 436.2 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) diagnostic peaks: 24.6, 39.0, 44.9, 46.9, 64.1, 119.8, 125.2, 127.7, 130.5; MS (AP/CI) 478.4 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.1, 25.8, 33.1, 38.9, 43.2, 46.2, 51.8, 52.7, 55.8, 64.1, 70.6, 120.8, 124.4, 125.6, 126.3, 127.4, 130.9, 135.8, 142.7, 146.7, 152.2, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 464.4 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (75/25 heptane/ethanol with 2% diethylamine; Chiralpak OJ, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 6.8 minutes; t2 = 10.6 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz. CDCl3) 18.2, 18.3, 22.2, 25.8, 31.9, 33.0, 38.0, 43.3, 51.9, 58.7, 60.3, 60.9, 72.5, 120.4, 124.4, 125.5, 126.1, 127.3, 130.9, 135.8, 1423.3, 147.6, 151.9, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 450.5 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.1, 18.2, 22.2, 24.0, 25.8, 33.0, 38.0, 42.1, 43.3, 51.9, 58.7, 58.8, 60.3, 60.9, 83.4, 120.4, 124.4, 126.1, 126.2, 127.3, 130.9, 135.8, 142.4, 145.6, 151.9, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 476.5 (M+H)+. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.1, 22.3, 25.9, 31.9, 32.9, 37.9, 43.2, 51.8, 58.8, 60.6, 61.0. 72.5, 113.5, 113.7, 117.1, 117.3, 121.9, 125.5, 126.0, 138.5, 142.2, 147.7, 147.8, 172.6; MS (AP/CI) 468.5 (M+H)+. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.1, 18.2, 22.3, 24.0, 25.9, 32.8, 38.0, 42.1, 43.2, 51.8. 58.7, 58.8, 60.6, 61.1. 83.3. 113.5. 113.7, 117.0, 117.2, 121.9, 122.0. 126.0. 126.1, 126.4, 129.3, 138.4, 138.5, 142.2, 145.7, 147.9, 158.5, 160.9, 172.6; MS (AP/CI) 494.5 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 17.9, 22.2, 25.8, 31.1, 33.1, 43.2, 46.2, 46.3, 46.8, 51.8, 52.8, 55.8, 120.8, 124.4, 126.6, 127.4, 129.0, 130.9, 135.0, 135.8, 143.2, 152.2, 173.0, 175.2; MS (AP/CI) 461.5 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-5-yl)-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.1, 25.8, 33.0, 43.3, 46.3, 51.8, 52.2, 52.8, 55.5, 55.9, 69.8, 120.8, 122.7, 122.8, 124.6, 127.0, 127.5, 130.9, 133.3, 135.5, 144.5, 144.9, 12.2, 170.7, 173.3; MS (AP/CI) 420.5 (M+H)+. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 13.1, 22.2, 26.0, 33.0, 37.1, 43.2, 46.0, 51.8, 52.9, 55.7, 113.6, 113.9, 117.1, 117.4, 122.3, 122.4, 126.1, 126.3, 142.7, 161.0, 172.6; MS (AP/CI) 452.5 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrrol idin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 24.6, 32.6. 44.9, 46.1, 46.8, 52.7,53.0, 55.7, 112.4, 117.6, 120.9, 122.9, 123.2, 124.6, 127.8, 129.9, 130.5, 134.9, 140.6, 151.9, 152.9, 164.8, 176.3; MS (AP/CI) 418.3 (M+H)+. 6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.1, 25.8, 30.8, 30.9, 33.1, 43.2, 46.2, 51.7, 52.8, 55.9, 118.9, 120.8, 124.5, 127.5, 130.9, 135.0, 135.5, 138.6, 114.9, 152.2, 163.9, 173.4; MS (AP/CI) 423.4 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (70/30 heptane/ethanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 85 mUmin). Approximate retention times: t1 = 11.8 minutes; t2 = 14.6 minutes. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-] yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 24.8, 30.8, 32.2, 44.3, 46.2, 53.1, 55.8, 71.9, 114.0, 114.2. 116.8, 117.0, 118.7, 122.4, 122.5, 128.3, 134.9, 137.3, 137.4, 138.1, 148.0, 148.1, 158.5, 160.9, 161.8, 176.0; MS (AP/CI) 464.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (85/15 heptane/isopropanol; Chiralcel AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 85 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 16.1 minutes; t2 = 18.0 minutes. 3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 24.9, 25.5, 30.8, 43.4, 46.2, 53.0, 55.6, 71.9, 111.5. 111.7, 116.7, 118.7, 122.3, 122.5, 128.1, 128.2, 134.9, 138.1, 153.8, 153.9, 160.9, 161.8, 163.3, 176.1; MS (AP/CI) 427.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (70/30 heptane/ethanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 250 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 8.4 minutes; t2 = 12.9 minutes. 1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.10 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.12 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.54 (s, 6H), 1.86-1.95 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.90 (dt, 1H, J = 11.2 and 2.4 Hz), 3.08 (ddd, 1H, J = 14.4, 10.4, and 4.0 Hz), 3.86 (dd, 1H, J = 14.0 and 4.0 Hz), 3.68-3.73 (m, 2H), 7.04 (dt, IH, J = 7.6 and 1.2 Hz), 7.10-7.13 (m, 1 h), 7.20-7.24 (m, 2H), 8.29 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8 and 2.8 Hz), 8.59 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz); MS (AP/CI) 437.4 3 (M+H)+. 6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-ylrbenzyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bi-pyridinyl-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.1, 22.2, 25.8, 30.8, 33.1, 38.0, 43.3, 51.7, 58.8, 58.9, 60.3, 60.7, 72.0, 118.9, 120.6, 124.4, 127.5, 130.9, 135.0, 135.4, 138.6, 144.9, 151.8, 163.8, 173.4; MS (AP/CI) 451.3 (M+H)+. 3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 18.0, 21.5, 22.2, 25.9, 30.8, 32.9, 37.8, 43.2, 51.7, 58.9, 59.0, 60.6, 60.9, 72.0, 113.7, 113.9, 117.1, 118.9, 122.1, 122.2, 135.0, 1338.0, 138.1, 138.5, 144.9. 147.7, 158.5, 160.9, 164.0, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 469.5 (M+H)+. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.2, 25.8, 30.8, 32.8, 43.1, 46.2, 46.3, 51.6, 53.1, 55.8, 72.0, 113.7, 113.9, 117.0, 117.2, 118.9, 122.3, 122.4, 134.9, 138.1. 138.2, 138.4, 144.9, 148.2, 148.3, 160.9, 164.0, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 441.5 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (50/50 heptane/ethanol with 1% TFA; Chiralpak AD, 5 cm x 50 cm; 100 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 12.1 minutes; t2 = 16.1 minutes. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.80-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.96 (br s, 8H), 2.03-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.64 (m, 4H), 2.80-3.40 (m, 10H), 3.50 (dd, J = 13.3, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J = 8.3, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (dt, J = 7.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.48 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H); MS (AP/CI) 448.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.80-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.97-2.11 (m, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.68 (dd, J= 13.3, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.95-3.25 (m, 5H), 3.45 (dd, J = 13.7, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.72 (m, 2H), 6.99 (dt, J =7.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H); MS (AP/CI) 422.3 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.15-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 1H), 2.03-2.11 I (m, 1H), 2.30-2.90 (br m, 7H), 2.93-3.15 (m, 5H), 3.37 (dd, J = 13.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.62-3.72 (m, 2H), 7.04 (dt, J = 7.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H); mp = 135-137°C. 3-[2-(2,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 17.4, 19.5; 19.6, 24.0, 24.9, 31.1, 33.0, 42.0, 44.2, 45.2, 46.9, 47.0, 51.5, 51.6, 54.1, 54.3, 54.5, 83.1, 119.5, 123.4, 123.5, 125.2, 125.8, 127.2, 127.5, 129.8, 130.8, 137.3, 137.5, 138.3, 143.5, 143.6, 150.3, 150.4, 175.9, 176.0; MS (AP/CI) 448.4 (M+H)+. A mixture of 3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1 equivalent of the aryl bromide corresponding to the aryl group of the N-arylated product, copper (I) iodide (0.1 equivalent), potassium carbonate (1.5 equivalents), and N-N'-dimethylethylendiamine (0.1 equivalent) in toluene (5 volumes) containing water (0.05-0.5 volume) were stirred at reflux until HPLC analysis showed disappearance of the starting aryl bromide. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of Celite™ and washed with toluene. The filtrate was washed with water and the organic extracts were washed with brine and concentrated to provide the crude arylated product. The following compounds (Examples 62-71) were made using the same general procedure as for Example 61. 1-[6-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 176.5, 159.0, 152.0, 137.5, 134.9, 130.6, 128.2, 127.8, 124.6, 120.9, 119.6, 76.6, 55.9, 52.9, 46.3, 44.6, 34.95, 34.89, 32.5, 24.8, 8.0; MS (AP/CI) 437.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (92/8 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 25 minutes; t2 = 50 minutes. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yloxy)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.0, 159.9, 152.0, 137.8, 135.0, 132.0, 130.7, 130.5, 127.7, 124.6, 120.9, 111.6, 69.9, 65.8, 55.8, 52.8, 46.8, 46.2, 44.3, 32.5, 32.2, 24.8; MS (AP/CI) 451.5 (M+H)+. 1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.5, 160.7, 152.0, 138.1, 134.9, 130.5, 128.2, 127.8.124.6, 120.9, 119.2, 82.9, 55.8, 46.4, 46.3, 44.5, 42.8, 32.5, 25.0. 24.8; MS (AP/CI) 435.5 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(l -Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.00, 152.08, 142.59, 138.82, 135.22, 130.54, 127.63, 125.79, 124.55, 120.83, 119.81, 76.76, 55.85, 52.84, 47.00, 46.27, 44.91, 37.20, 32.51, 24.70, 13.13; MS (AP/CI) 420.3 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (92/8 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 10 cm x 50 cm; 275 mL/min). Approximate retention times: t1 = 30 minutes; t2 = 49 minutes. 1-[5-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.7, 152.0, 150.8, 144.2, 140.3, 135.2, 134.6, 130.5, 127.7, 124.6, 120.9, 114.2, 71.2, 55.8, 52.7, 46.2, 45.8, 45.6, 32.5, 31.9, 24.5; MS (AP/CI) 409.5 (M+H)+. 1-[5-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylrbenzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.7, 152.0, 150.9, 144.7, 138.3, 135.22, 135.18, 130.5, 127.7, 124.6, 120.9, 114.2, 81.9, 55.8, 52.7, 46.2, 45.7, 45.6, 41.9, 32.5, 24.5, 23.9; MS (AP/CI) 435.4 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-oxazol-4-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.2, 25.8, 33.0, 43.3, 46.3, 51.7, 52.9, 55.9, 120.7, 124.4, 126.4, 126.7, 127.3, 129.0, 130.9, 134.0, 135.8, 140.1, 143.7, 151.5, 152.3, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 431.3 (M+H)+. Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.2, 25.6, 25.8, 33.0, 43.3, 46.3, 51.8, 52.9, 55.9, 107.9, 119.9, 120.7, 124.4, 127.0, 127.3, 127.4, 130.9, 135.8, 138.4, 141.3, 142.0, 152.3, 173.1; MS (AP/CI) 430.3 (M+H)+. 1-[4-(2-Methyl-oxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 14.2, 22.2, 25.8. 33.0, 43.3, 46.3, 51.7, 52.8, 55.9, 120.7. 124.4, 126.2, 126.6, 127.3, 129.5, 130.9, 133.4, 135.8, 143.3, 152.2, 173.0; MS (AP/CI) 445.3 (M+H)+. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 22.2, 25.8, 29.9, 33.0, 43.3, 46.4. 51.6, 52.9, 55.9, 120.7, 121.7, 124.4, 125.2, 126.0, 126.8, 127.4, 130.9, 135.8, 144.0, 150.7, 152.4, 173.1; MS (AP/CI) 431.5 (M+H)+. Trimethyl aluminum (2 M in toluene, 700 uL, 1.4 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of morpholine (124 uL, 1.4 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (4 mL) at 0 °C. Upon completion of addition, the cold bath was removed and the solution was stirred 30 minutes at 23°C. A solution of 4-{3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-benzoic acid ethyl ester (Example 2, 150 mg, 0.36 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was then added and the solution was heated at 70 °C for ca. 18 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature, methanol was carefully added to quench excess methyl aluminum species, and the mixture was then treated with sodium sulfate decahydrate (1.5 g). The mixture was stirred rapidly for 3 hours, the salts were filtered off, the solvent was removed The following compounds (Examples 73-74) were prepared in an analogous manner. 1-[4-(4-Methyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.24, 170.11, 152.03, 141.05, 135.03, 131.48, 130.54, 128.28, 127.71, 124.59, 120.86. 119.33, 77.52, 55.85, 55.21, 52.86, 46.83, 46.27, 44.91, 32.52, 24.62; MS (AP/CI) 476.2 (M+H)+. 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 176.2, 170.1, 152.0, 140.8, 135.1, 132.3, 130.6, 128.0, 127.7, 124.6, 120.9. 119.3, 55.8, 52.8, 49.1. 46.9, 46.2, 44.9, 43.5, 32.5, 26.8, 25.9. 24.8, 24.6; MS (AP/CI) 461.2 (M+H)+. The enantiomers were separable by HPLC (5/95 acetonitrile/methanol; Chiralpak AD, 4.6 mm x 25 cm; 1 mL/min). Retention times: t1 = 8.9 minutes; t2 = 19.1 minutes. The title compound was prepared via reaction between 2-pyridin-4-yl-benzaldehyde and A solution of 3-(2-pyridin-4-yl-benzylidene)-pyrrolidin-2-one (Example 77, 500 mg, 2 mmol) and methyl iodide (150 uL, 2.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Methanol (5 mL) was added to improve solubility then 10 equiv methyl iodide was added. The mixture was heated at 40 °C for 18h, then was heated at 75 °C for 18 hours. The solvent was removed A mixture of 3-[2-(1-Methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one (Example 78), 308 mg, 1.15 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (300 mg) in methanol (20 mL) was placed under 50 psi hydrogen and was heated at 50 °C for 8 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, was filtered through Celite™, and the solvent was removed The compounds in examples 80-83 were prepared from the corresponding N-arylated 3-(2-pyridin-4-yl-benzylidene)-pyrrolidin-2-one using procedures analogous to that used for Examples 1-62 general palladium mediated coupling conditions. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.3, 144.4, 142.9, 138.6, 136.7, 130.0. 127.2, 126.8, 126.2, 125.8, 119.8, 76.6, 56.6, 46.9, 46.5, 45.4, 37.2, 34.0, 33.8, 33.3, 25.1, 13.2; MS (AP/CI) 419.3 (M+H)+. 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.3, 146.0, 144.4, 138.1, 136.7, 130.0, 127.2, 126.8, 126.2, 125.4, 119.6, 73.1, 56.6, 46.9, 46.6, 45.4, 37.2, 34.0, 33.8, 33.3, 25.72, 25.1, 22.4; MS (AP/CI) 447.3 (M+H)+, 429.3 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrol-idin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.3, 145.7, 144.4, 138.2, 126.7, 130.0, 127.2, 126.8, 126.2, 125.2, 119.7, 72.4, 56.6, 46.9, 46.6, 45.4, 37.2, 34.0, 33.8, 33.3, 25.1; MS (AP/CI) 407.3 (M+H)+, 389.3 (M+H-H2O)+. 1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one: 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 175.3, 144.4, 143.6, 138.3, 136.7, 130.0, 127.2, 126.8, 126.2, 125.8, 119.7, 56.6, 46.9, 46.6, 45.4, 42.1, 37.2, 34.0, 33.8, 33.3, 25.1, 24.0; MS (AP/CI) 433.3 (M+H)+, 415.3 (M+H-H2O)+. The present invention relates to novel benzyl(idene)-lactam derivatives, compounds of the formula I wherein R1 is a group of the formula G1 or G2 depicted below, wherein R1, R3, R6, R13 X, a, n and m are as defined herein, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and pharmaceutical compositions which include selective antagonists, inverse agonists and partial agonists of serotonin 1 (5-HT1) receptors, specifically, of one or both of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. The compounds of the invention are useful in treating or preventing depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders for which a 5-HT1 agonist or antagonist is indicated and have reduced potential for cardiac side effects, in particular QTc prolongation. A compound of the formula I
wherein R1 is a group of the formula G1 or G2 depicted below,
a is zero to eight;
m is one to three;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl optionally substituted with (C1-C6)alkoxy or one to three fluorine atoms, or ((C1-C4)alkyl)aryl wherein the aryl moiety is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl-(CH2)q-, wherein the heteroaryl moiety is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl and benzisothiazolyl and q is zero, one, two, three or four, and wherein said aryl and heteroaryl moieties may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, (C1-C6)alkyl, {C1-C6)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano and -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl, wherein t is zero, one or two;
each R13 is, independently, (C1-C4)alkyl or a (C1-C4)alkylene bridge from one of the ring carbons of the piperazine or piperidine ring of G1 or G2, respectively, to the same or another ring carbon or a ring nitrogen of the piperazine or piperidine ring of G1 or G2, respectively, having an available bonding site, or to a ring carbon of R6, when R6 has a ring structure having an available bonding site;
X is hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, cyano, (C1-C6)alkyl, hydroxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy, -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl wherein t is zero, one or two, -CO2R10 or -CONR11R12;
each of R10, R11 and R12 is selected, independently, from hydrogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl and naphthyl, wherein said phenyl or naphthyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano and -SOt(C1-C6)alkyl wherein t is zero, one or two; or R11 and R12, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or
R3 is -(CH2)gB, wherein g is zero to three and B is phenyl, naphthyl or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring containing from one to four heteroatoms in the ring selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, with the proviso that said ring cannot contain two adjacent oxygen atoms or two adjacent sulfur atoms and wherein each of the foregoing phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl rings is substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from (C1-C8)hydroxyalkyl-. (C1-C8)alkoxy-(C1-CB)alkyl-, (C3-C8)hydroxycycloalkyl-, (C3-C8)cycloalkoxy-. (C1-C8)alkoxy-(C3-C8)cycloalkyl-, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyheterocycloalkyl, and (C1-C8)alkoxy-heterocycloalkyl, wherein each (C3-C8)cycfoalkyl or heterocycloalkyl moiety may be independently substituted with from one to three (C1-C6)alkyl or benzyl groups;
when B is a phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl ring, or each said ring is substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from phenyl, naphthyl and a 5- to 6-membered heteoaryl ring containing from one to four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, with the proviso that said heteroaryl ring cannot contain two adjacent oxygen atoms or two adjacent sulfur atoms, and wherein each independently selected phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl substituant may itself be substituted with from one to three (C1-C8)alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl substituents; or when B is a phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl ring, each said ring is substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from (a) lactone formed from -(CH2)tOH with an ortho -COOH, wherein t is one, two or three; (b) -CONR14R15, wherein R14 and R15 are independently selected from (C1-C8)alkyl and benzyl, or R14 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen in addition to the nitrogen of the -CONR14R15 group, wherein when any of said heteroatoms is nitrogen it may be optionally substitute with (C1-C8)alkyl or benzyl, with the proviso that said ring cannot contain two adjacent oxygen atoms or two adjacent sulfur atoms; (c) -(CH2)vNCOR16R17 wherein v is zero, one, two or three and -COR16 and R17 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered lactam ring; and, (d) -(C1-C8)NR18R19 where each of R18 and R19 is selected, independently, from hydrogen and (C1-C4)alkyl, or R18 and R19, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a 4- to 7-membered heteroalkyl ring that may contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;
wherein the broken lines indicate optional double bonds;
n is one, two, or three; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or optical isomer thereof. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R3 is (CH2)gB wherein g is zero and B is selected from phenyl and pyridyl. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said (C3-C8)cycloalkyl moiety of said (C3-C8)hydroxycycloalkyl-, (C3-C8)cycloalkoxy-, or (C1-C8)alkoxy-(C3-C8)cycloalkyl-substituents is selected from cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said heterocycloalkyl moiety having 4 to 8 atoms, of said one to three optional substituents, is selected from tetrahydropytanyl, morpholinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, hexahydroazepinyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, oxetanyl and tetrahydrofuranyl. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring of said one to three optional substituents is selected from pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl and oxadiazolyl. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said R14 and said R15 groups of said -CONR14R15 substituent together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 6-membered heteroalkyl ring selected from piperidine, N-(C0-C6)alkylpiperazine and morpholine. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said -COR16 and R17 groups of said -(CH2)vNCOR16R17 substituent together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered lactam ring, and v is 1. A compound according to claim 2 wherein a lactone is formed from said -CH2OH substituent, with said ortho -COOH substituent. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and benzyl, R13 is methyl, X is fluoro, methyl, or methoxy, a is 1 or 2, m is 1 or 2 and n is 1 or 2. A compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[3-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylq-pyrrolidin-2-one.
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(2-Methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Methoxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyridin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one.
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)- pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)- pyrrolidin-2-one,}
1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperioin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-5-yl)-piperidin-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bi-pyridinyl-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one,
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2.one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-beneyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(2,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[6-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyttolidin-2-one,
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[5-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benrzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
1-[5-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-oxazol-4-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one,
1-[4-(2-Methyl-oxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-oxazol-5-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-pymolidin-2-one,
1-[4-(4-Methyl-pi perazine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolid in-2-one,
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(pipeidine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and optical isomers thereof. A compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of
(R)-3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-pyrrmlidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benayl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[3-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-bemzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)bemzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[2-fluoro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-{2-[(3R,5S)-3,4,5-trimethylpiperazin-1-yl]benzyl}pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[6-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(R)-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[4-(pipertdin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benayl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[3-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethy)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-(2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-hydroxycyl)pentyl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)bernzyl]piperidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-memylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[2-fluoro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyfidin-3-yl]-3-(2-[(3R,5S)-3,4,5-trimethylpiperazin-1-yl]benzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[5-fluoro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[6-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one,
(S)-3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-1-[4-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Use of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disorder or condition in a mammal selected from depression, anxiety, depression with concomitant anxiety, dysthymia, post traumatic stress disorder, panic phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), OCD with comorbid Tourette's Syndrome, borderline personality disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, seizures, dyskinesis, symptoms of Huntington's or Parkinson's diseases, spasticity, suppression of seizures resulting from epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, anorexia, faintness attacks hypokinesia, cranial traumas, chemical dependencies, premature ejaculation, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) associated mood and appetite disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, modification of feeding behavior, blocking carbohydrate cravings, late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, tobacco withdrawal-assoclated symptoms, panic disorder, bipolar disorder, sleep disorders, jet lag, cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmias, chemical dependencies and addictions selected from dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine or tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine; pathological gambling; trichotilomania; headache, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), psychosis. Huntington's Chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophienia, multi-Infarct dementia, epilepsy, senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's Syndrome, in a mammal. A compound according to any of claims 1 to 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.Background of the Invention
Summary of the Invention
Detailed description of the Invention
Biological Assay
Preparation 1
2-(4-methylpiperazinyl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 2
2-(4-Benzyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 3
5-Methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 4
2-(2,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 5
5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 6
2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 7
5-Methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 8
2-(3,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 9
2-(3,4,5-Trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 10
2-(4-Methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 11
2-(4-Ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzaldehyde
Preparation 12: General Aldol Procedure 1
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyliden]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 13: General Aldol Procedure 2
3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 14
3-[2-(4-Benzyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyroolidin-2-one
Preparation 15
3-[5-Methoxy-2-(4-methyl-pir)erazin-1-yl-benzylidenel-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 16
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-piperidin-2-one
Preparation 17
3-[2-(2,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 18
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yi)-benz-1-benzyliden]-piperidin-2-one
Preparation 19
3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yi)-benzylidenel-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 20
3-[2-(3,4,5-Trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 21
3-[5-Methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 22
3-[2-(4-Methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 23
3-[2(4-Ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 24
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 25
3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 26-34
Preparation 35
3-(2-Piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one
Preparation 36
2-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-propan-2-ol
Preparations 37-40
Preparation 41
1-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-cydodentanol
Preparation 42
2-(6-Bromo-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol
Preparation 43
1-(6-Bromo-pyridin-3-yl)-cyclopentanol
Preparation 44
1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclohexanol
Preparation 45
3-(4-Bromo-ohenyl)-pentan-3-ol
Preparation 46
1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopentanol
Preparation 49
1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclobutanol
Preparation 50
4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-tetrahydro-dvran-4-ol
Preparation 51
1-Bromo-4-(1-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzene
Preparation 52
1-bromo-4-(1-methoxy-cyclobutyl)-benzene
Preparation 53
1-Bromo-4-(2-methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-benzene
Preparation 54
5-Bromo-2-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yloxy)-pyridine
Preparation 55
4-(5-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-morpholine
Preparation 56
4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-moroholine
General Palladium Mediated Coupling Procedure
Example 1
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 2
4{3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-benzoic acid ethyl ester:
Example 3
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 4
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 5
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-moryholin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-ome:
Example 6
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 7
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 8
1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyhl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 9
1-[3-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one
Example 10
1-[4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 11
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrroliding-2-one:
Example 12
2,2-Dimethyl-3-(4-{3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl}-phenyl)-propionitrile:
Example 13
1-[4-(1-Methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 14
1-[4-(2-Methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyhl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 15
1-[4-(1-Methoxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 16
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyridin-4-yl-phenyl)-pyrroliding-2-one:
Example 17
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pheyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrroliding-2-one:
Example 18
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 19
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 20
1-[4-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 21
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 22
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-pipeazin-1-yl)-benzylidene]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 23
3-[5-Fluoro-2(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 24
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 25
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 26
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 27
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 28
1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 29
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[5-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 30
3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 31
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 32
1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 33
1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 34
1-[4-(4-Hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 35
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperiding-2-one:
Example 36
1-4-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 37
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl)-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 38
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 39
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 40 3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-5-yl)-piperidin-2-one:
Example 41
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyi]-1-[4(1-hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 42
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(3-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrroliding-2-one:
Example 43
6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one:
Example 44
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-pipeazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 45
3-[2-Fluoro-6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl-pyrroidin-2-one:
Example 46
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 47
6'-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3-[2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-3,4,5,6-terrahydro-[1,3']bi-pyridigyl-2-one:
Example 48
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahyaro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one:
Example 49
3-15-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3]bipyridinyl-2-one:
3-[5-Fluoro-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-6'-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3']bipyridinyl-2-one:
Example 50
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-mthyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrroliding-2-one:
Example 51
1-[4-(1-Hydrxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 52
3-[2-(4-Ethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 53
3-[2-(2,5-Dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 61
General Procedure For Copper-Mediated Coupling
Example 62
1-[6-(1-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-propyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzy]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 63
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[6-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yloxy)-pyridin-3-yl]-pyrrolidi-2-one:
Example 64
1-[6-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-3-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 65
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 66
1-[5(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 67
1-[5-(1-Hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 68
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-oxazol-4-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one:
Example 69
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one: 3-[2-(4-
Example 70
1-[4-(2-Methyl-oxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-piperidin-2-one:
Example 71
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzy]-1-(4-oxazol-5-yl-phenyl)-piperidin-2-one:
Example 72
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-1-[4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 73
1-[4-(4-Methyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 74
3-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzyl)-1-[4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-phenyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 75
3-(2-Pyridin-4-yl-benzylidene)-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 76
3-[2-(1-Methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzylidenel-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 77
3-[2-(1-Methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 78
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclobutyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 79
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 80
1-[4-(1-Hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-3-[2-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-benzyl]-pyrrolidin-2-one:
Example 81